Weiwei Xiang

TL;DR: In this paper , a review discusses alternative biological targets that have attracted considerable interest for the imaging of microglia activation in recent years, and the potential value of image-guided diagnosis of ischemic stroke.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a rodent model by opening the blood-brain barrier with low frequency ultrasound, followed by injection of NMO-IgG from NMOSD patients and complement to mice suffering pre-existing neuroinflammation produced by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Abstract: AIMS Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease. Microglia are reportedly involved in the pathogenesis of MS. However, the key molecules that control the inflammatory activity of microglia in MS have not been identified. METHODS Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice were randomized into CD22 blockade and control groups. The expression levels of microglial CD22 were measured by flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. The effects of CD22 blockade were examined via in vitro and in vivo studies. RESULTS We detected increased expression of microglial CD22 in EAE mice. In addition, an in vitro study revealed that lipopolysaccharide upregulated the expression of CD22 in microglia and that CD22 blockade modulated microglial polarization. Moreover, an in vivo study demonstrated that CD22 blockade aggravated EAE in mice and promoted microglial M1 polarization. CONCLUSION Collectively, our study indicates that CD22 may be protective against EAE and may play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in EAE mice.

TL;DR: This research presents a novel probabilistic procedure that allows for direct measurement of the response of the immune system to earthquake-triggered landsliding.