Anionic dyes are often used for conventional cotton dyeing. This process, however, has a moderate affinity and it is estimated that less than 70% of the dye interacts with the cotton fiber. Cationization of cellulose is a chemical treatment that modifies the cellulose molecule, making it strongly cationic. This pretreatment increases the affinity between cotton and anionic dyes. Therefore, cationic dyeing reduces water, time, energy and chemical consumption. In this scenario, there is a growing demand to develop new cleaner products, as well as to elucidate the reaction mechanism aiming to create a clean and low-cost process for cotton cationization. In the last decades, more than 800 documents were published, and this number continues to rise. Among the cationic agents, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride is the most researched and has achieved niche markets. However, poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride combines effectiveness with a cleaner process. These characteristics make this cationic agent promising for future research. This review reports the state of the art on the techniques used for cationization, with a brief description of the market available for cationic cotton and a critical evaluation of the future perspectives for cationization.

Cationization of cotton fiber: an integrated view of cationic agents, processes variables, properties, market and future prospects

Clean water resources are crucial for human society, as the leakage and discharge of oily wastewater not only harm the economy but also disrupt our living environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for efficient oil-water separation technology. Surfaces with switchable superwetting behavior have garnered significant attention due to their importance in both fundamental research and practical applications. This review introduces the fundamental principles of wettability in the oil-water separation process, the basic theory of switchable wettability, and the mechanisms involved in oil-water separation. Subsequently, the review discusses the research progress, challenges, and issues associated with three conventional types of special wettability materials: superhydrophobic/superoleophilic materials, superhydrophilic/superoleophobic materials, and superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic materials. Most importantly, it provides a detailed exploration of recent advancements in switchable wettability smart materials, which combine elements of traditional special wettability materials. These include stimulus-responsive smart materials, pre-wetting-induced materials, and Janus materials. The discussion covers key response factors, detailed examples of representative works, design concepts, and fabrication strategies. Finally, the review offers a comprehensive summary of switchable superwetting smart materials, encompassing their advantages and disadvantages, persistent challenges, and future prospects. 

Biomimetic materials in oil/water separation: Focusing on switchable wettabilities and applications.

Elimination of disease-causing bacteria from cotton fabrics is critically important to control several bacteria-mediated infections in humans. Antibacterial nanoparticles, particularly nanosized silver, has been explored for a wide range of antibacterial applications. Phytosynthesized nanoparticles have gained interests as a benign alternative to chemically synthesized nanoparticles. It is challenging to coat antibacterial nanoparticles on cotton fabrics to exhibit antibacterial activity as the process of washing can easily dislodge the nanoparticles from the fabric and release them into the environment, resulting in nanoparticle-mediated environmental toxicity. Thus, the aim of the present work is to develop a method that will allow effective and stable coating of cotton fabrics with green synthesized antibacterial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via a surface cationization process using a novel cationic agent (CHPTAC). The study showed that the AgNPs, synthesized via Dodonaea aungustifolia methanolic leaf extract, were ~ 10 nm in size and effectively coated on the cotton fabric surface using CHPTAC. The presence of about 1.37 % nitrogen in the cationized cotton fabric revealed the possible mechanism of stable AgNP coating on the fabric surface. Antibacterial test of the AgNP coated cotton fabric showed an excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, retaining 99.43 ± 2.4 % and 99.28 ± 2.2 %, respectively of antimicrobial activity with a p-value of 0.09 even after 50 washing cycles. This study is highly useful in the development of antibacterial nanomaterial-coated personal protective equipment from cotton fabric, and this will be beneficial for healthcare personnel.

Surface cationization of cellulose to enhance durable antibacterial finish in phytosynthesized silver nanoparticle treated cotton fabric

Preparation and properties of polysiloxane modified fluorine-containing waterborne polyurethane emulsion

Reactive Dyeing of Cationized Cotton Fabric: The Effect of Cationization Level

Low-salt dyeing of cotton fabric grafted with pH-responsive cationic polymer of polyelectrolyte 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate

Traditional dyeing process of cotton has caused a large amount of wastewater with high salt content, which seriously damages the ecological environment. In this work, cotton fabric was modified with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride in order to decrease the electrostatic repulsion with the anionic dyes. A systematic optimization of the process has been performed. The acid dyes were applied instead of the common reactive dyes to dye the modified fabrics. The advantage of the high dye-uptake of acid dyes is studied. The levelness of the fabric dyed by reactive dyes and acid dyes were compared. The adsorption process and the bindings between the modified fabric and anionic acid dyes were further explored. The dyeing process were optimized. Finally, the dye-uptake of the modified fabric dyed by optimized conditions achieves to about 92%, which is comparable to traditional cotton dyeing process.

Cationic cotton modified by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride for salt-free dyeing with high levelling performance

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Low-salt dyeing of cotton fabric grafted with pH-responsive cationic polymer of polyelectrolyte 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate

Cationic cotton modified by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride for salt-free dyeing with high levelling performance