Role of nano-sized materials as lubricant additives in friction and wear reduction: A review

A review of tribological properties and deposition methods for selected hard protective coatings

A nanobainitic matrix composing of nanoscale α phase and carbon-riched γ phase was obtained for the ductile iron by austempering treatment The microstructure and properties of ductile iron were compared with GCr15 The microstructural characteristic gave rise to a good strength with an ultimate tensile strength higher than 1200 MPa, which was comparable and even superior to conventionally forged steels The friction coefficient of the ductile iron was approximate 1/3 compared with that of commercial GCr15 under dry sliding wear condition, which was related to the existence of homogeneously distributed spheroidal graphite in ductile iron The low friction coefficient and moderate strength resulted in a superior wear resistance of ductile iron with nanobainitic matrix by contrast to GCr15

A superior strength and sliding-wear resistance combination of ductile iron with nanobainitic matrix

In this work, effects of rare earth addition on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of GCr15 bearing steel under hot rolled, annealed, and quenched-tempered conditions were investigated via mechanical tests, electrochemical measurements, and immersion tests. Results show that rare earth elements can refine grains, improve hardness, tensile strength, and impact absorption energy of GCr15 bearing steel under different heat treatment conditions. Besides, it has been found that rare earth elements are beneficial to corrosion resistance of GCr15 bearing steel in 0.1 mol/L NaCl solution by electrochemical and immersion measurements. 

Effects of rare earth elements addition on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of GCr15 bearing steel under different heat treatment conditions

Austempered ductile iron has been considered as a substitution to replace conventional steel castings, steel forgings and even aluminum in many applications. Its excellent mechanical properties are mainly attributed to its unique ausferritic structure containing acicular ferrite and carbon saturated austenite. Some ADI components such as camshaft and engine valve commonly experience surface contact and relative motion under external load and pressure. Outstanding wear resistance of ADI is required to ensure the satisfactory working performance and service life of these key components. In order to meet the advanced requirements of mechanical properties and wear behavior of ADI, a dual-step austempering process and additional surface hardening treatments are suggested to be utilized. In this review, conventional single-step austempering process and corresponding ausferritic structure are introduced. Second, the positive effects of a novel dual-step austempering process on microstructure and mechanical properties of ADI are provided. Next, wear behavior of single-step and dual-step ADIs and wear mechanisms are discussed. Then, studies regarding the applications of surface hardening treatments on wear resistance of ADI are reviewed. Finally, a summary and expectations are discussed. The information presented in this paper would be beneficial to future studies and applications for any grade of ADI.

Microstructure, wear behavior and surface hardening of austempered ductile iron

The present research studied the combined effects of quench-tempering and laser surface hardening treatments on wear behavior of gray cast iron, and compared results with conventional austempered gray cast iron. Four tempering temperatures of 316 °C (600 °F), 399 °C (750 °F), 482 °C (900 °F) or 552 °C (1025 °F) with a constant holding time of 60 min and four austempering temperatures of 232 °C (450 °F), 288 °C (550 °F), 343 °C (650 °F) or 399 °C (750 °F) with a constant holding time of 120 min were utilized in the heat treatment design. The wear tests were carried out on a universal mechanical tribometer with a reciprocating ball-on-plate sliding configuration. Also, the microstructure, micro-hardness profiles and worn tracks were examined. Through this work, it was found that three zones existed under the laser hardened surface. Zone 1 was the laser hardened zone containing ledeburite with hardness of approximately 68HRC. Zone 2 was the heat affected zone containing the martensite with hardness of approximately 66HRC. Zone 3 was the substrate with hardness ranging from 42.1 to 24.8HRC. In the sliding wear tests, the quench-tempering treatment only resulted in higher wear resistance of gray cast iron when compared with untreated specimens, but lower wear resistance than that of austempered gray cast iron under similar macro-hardness. The wear performance of the quench-tempered gray cast iron was enhanced after receiving the laser surface hardening treatment. Finally, the laser hardened and quench-tempered gray cast iron with tempering temperature of 552 °C showed similar mass loss due to wear as austempered gray cast iron with an austempering temperature of 232 °C. By observing the worn surfaces, the laser hardened regions could effectively inhibit the formation and propagation of cracks developed within the substrate regions. In addition, the substrate with low hardness in laser hardened and quench-tempered gray cast iron may provide enhanced ductility and toughness for gray cast iron engineering components. The results obtained in this research have significant value in selecting the optimum heat treatment process for laser hardened gray cast iron components.

Effects of quench-tempering and laser hardening treatment on wear resistance of gray cast iron

Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Graphite Ductile Iron Improved by Minor Amount of Dual‐Phased TiC–TiB2 Nanoparticles

Microstructure Refinement and Strengthening–Toughening Mechanisms of Gray Cast Irons Reinforced by In Situ Nanosized TiB2–TiC/Al Master Alloy

The present research evaluated the tribological performance of oil-based WS2 nanofluids applied on steel-brass friction pairs. It was found that the coefficient of friction could be reduced by up to 39%, and the wear width and depth could be reduced by up to 28.7% and 66.4% using 1 wt% WS2 nanofluid. While using the WS2 nanofluids, almost no adhesive wear was detected on the worn surfaces. By analyzing the chemical compositions, carbon percentage increased after engaging the oleic acid which suggested tribo-films with low shear resistance were formed. In addition, elements of sulfur and tungsten were found within the wear track lubricated by WS2 nanofluids. It was believed that the WS2 nanoparticles were involved in the formation of the tribo-layers and mixed with the oleic acid tribo-films to improve the tribological behavior. Moreover, the tribo-layers produced by the WS2 nanoparticles could provide solid lubricating and mending effects on the mating surfaces.

Experimental evaluations on tribological performance of oil-based WS 2 nanofluid applied on steel/brass friction pairs

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