Cicer arietinum L. is the third greatest widely planted imperative pulse crop worldwide, and it belongs to the Leguminosae family. Drought is the utmost common abiotic factor on plants, distressing their water status and limiting their growth and development. Chickpea genotypes have the natural ability to fight drought stress using certain strategies viz., escape, avoidance and tolerance. Assorted breeding methods, including hybridization, mutation, and marker-aided breeding, genome sequencing along with omics approaches, could be used to improve the chickpea germplasm lines(s) against drought stress. Root features, for instance depth and root biomass, have been recognized as the greatest beneficial morphological factors for managing terminal drought tolerance in the chickpea. Marker-aided selection, for example, is a genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) strategy that can considerably increase crop breeding accuracy and competence. These breeding technologies, notably marker-assisted breeding, omics, and plant physiology knowledge, underlined the importance of chickpea breeding and can be used in future crop improvement programmes to generate drought-tolerant cultivars(s).

/pdf/molecular-breeding-and-drought-tolerance-in-chickpea-1jhk52su.pdf

Molecular Breeding and Drought Tolerance in Chickpea

BackgroundThe type-2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs), negatively regulating ABA responses and MAPK cascade pathways, play important roles in stress signal transduction in plants. Brachypodium distachyon is a new model plant for exploring the functional genomics of temperate grasses, cereals and biofuel crops. To date, genome-wide identification and analysis of the PP2C gene family in B. distachyon have not been investigated.ResultsIn this study, 86 PP2C genes in B. distachyon were identified. Domain-based analyses of PP2C proteins showed that they all contained the phosphatase domains featured as 11 conserved signature motifs. Although not all phosphatase domains of BdPP2C members included all 11 motifs, tertiary structure analysis showed that four residues contributing to magnesium/manganese ions (Mg2+/Mn2+) coordination were conserved, except for two noncanonical members. The analysis of their chromosomal localizations showed that most of the BdPP2C genes were located within the low CpG density region. Phylogenetic tree and synteny blocks analyses among B. distachyon, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa revealed that all PP2C members from the three species can be phylogenetically categorized into 13 subgroups (A–M) and BdPP2Cs were evolutionarily more closely related to OsPP2Cs than to AtPP2Cs. Segmental duplications contributed particularly to the expansion of the BdPP2C gene family and all duplicated BdPP2Cs evolved mainly from purifying selection. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that BdPP2Cs were broadly expressed in disparate tissues. We also found that almost all members displayed up-regulation in response to abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, PEG and NaCl treatments, but down-regulation to biotic stresses such as Ph14, Guy11 and F0968 infection.ConclusionsIn the present study, a comprehensive analysis of genome-wide identification and characterization of protein domains, phylogenetic relationship, gene and protein structure, chromosome location and expression pattern of the PP2C gene family was carried out for the first time in a new model monocot, i.e., B. distachyon. Our results provide a reference for genome-wide identification of the PP2C gene family of other species and also provide a foundation for future functional research on PP2C genes in B. distachyon.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Genome-wide identification and evolutionary analyses of the PP2C gene family with their expression profiling in response to multiple stresses in Brachypodium distachyon

Strigolactone is involved in nitric oxide-enhanced the salt resistance in tomato seedlings

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as a multifaceted gas-signaling molecule, regulates the ripening and senescence of postharvest fruits and vegetables (F&V). This article emphasized on the effects of H2S treatment on the sensory quality, physiology, and biochemistry of postharvest F&V. The possible mechanisms of active oxygen metabolism, cell-wall degradation, respiration and energy metabolism, ethylene synthesis, signal-transduction regulation, and activation are summarized. Herein, we mainly discussed the application of H2S in F&V preservation, effects on sensory quality of postharvest F&V, synthesis of endogenous H2S, and the mechanism of H2S regulating postharvest ripening and senescence of F&V, so as to provide reference for future applications of H2S as signal molecule. 

Recent update on the mechanism of hydrogen sulfide improving the preservation of postharvest fruits and vegetables

Fresh-cut lily bulbs have broad consumption prospects in the vegetable market due to their high nutritional value and convenience in processing; however, potential discoloration and microbial infection during storage adversely affect their quality. This study investigated the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and plant essential oils (EOs) on the preservation of lily bulbs. The results showed that MAP significantly preserved the color and weight of lily bulbs, and different MAP conditions caused different effects on bacterial inhibition. Low oxygen-MAP (L-MAP) showed a stronger antibacterial effect than air-MAP (A-MAP), whereas appropriate antibacterial agents were still needed to improve the antibacterial effect. Therefore, plant EOs were employed to further control the growth of microorganisms by preparing plant EO solid particles (PESP). The combined use of L-MAP and PESP significantly prolonged the shelf life of lily bulbs to 12 d with higher contents of nutrients and better appearance quality compared to the control. Furthermore, the physiological metabolism of lily bulbs was regulated by combined treatment with L-MAP and PESP, which inhibited starch degradation, MDA accumulation and respiratory oxidase activities. 

Effect of modified atmosphere packaging combined with plant essential oils on preservation of fresh-cut lily bulbs

Hydrogen sulfide reduced colour change in Lanzhou lily-bulb scales

ABSTRACT Recent studies have shown that trehalose plays an important and pervasive role in plants, which actively regulates seed germination, flowering, and stress tolerance. However, whether trehalose promotes bulblet formation in Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii) scale cutting propagation has not been reported. In the current study, the regulatory roles of trehalose during the formation of bulblets in lily-scale cutting were investigated. The results show that trehalose significantly increased the number and diameter of bulblets with an optimal concentration at 50 mM. Moreover, trehalose increased the content of sucrose, starch, soluble sugar and endogenous trehalose in the scales and bulblets. These results indicate that trehalose might promote the formation of Lanzhou lily bulblets by increasing the carbohydrate content in the scales. Further, trehalose improved trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) activity, reduced Sucrose synthase (SuSy) activity in scales, up-regulated SSS1, SBE, AGP1, TPS6, TPS7, TPS9 expression level in scales on day 50, and down-regulated SuSy1 and INV2 expression level in scales. Therefore, trehalose might increase carbohydrates content in scales and bulblets by regulating the activity and gene expression of key enzymes in carbohydrate synthesis and hydrolysis pathways, thereby promoting bulblet formation in Lanzhou lily-scale cutting.

Trehalose promotes the formation of Lanzhou lily bulblets by increasing carbohydrate content

The involvement of abscisic acid in hydrogen gas-enhanced drought resistance in tomato seedlings

As the main forms of carbohydrates, starch and sucrose play a vital role in the balance and coordination of various carbohydrates. Lanzhou lily is the most popular edible lily in China, mainly distributed in the central region of Gansu. To clarify the relationship between carbohydrate metabolism and bulb development of Lanzhou lily, so as to provide a basis for the promotion of the growth and development in Lanzhou lily and its important economic value, we studied lily bulbs in the squaring stage, flowering stage, half withering stage and withering stage. The plant height, fresh weight of mother and daughter bulbs continued to increase during the whole growth period and fresh weight of stem and leaf began to decrease in the half withering stage. The content of starch, sucrose and total soluble sugar in the lily mother bulb accumulated mostly in the flowering, withering and half withering stages, respectively. Starch, sucrose and total soluble sugar accumulated in the daughter bulb with the highest concentration during the withering stage. In the transcription level, sucrose synthase (SuSy1) and sucrose invertase (INV2) expressed the highest in squaring stage, and the expression was significantly higher in the mother bulb than in the daughter bulb. In flowering stage, the expression levels of soluble starch synthase (SSS1), starch-branching enzyme (SBE) and adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP1) genes were higher in the mother bulb than in the daughter bulb. Altogether, our results indicate that starch and sucrose are important for the bulb growth and development of Lanzhou lily.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0262506&type=printable

Changes of starch and sucrose content and related gene expression during the growth and development of Lanzhou lily bulb

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Hydrogen sulfide reduced colour change in Lanzhou lily-bulb scales

Trehalose promotes the formation of Lanzhou lily bulblets by increasing carbohydrate content

The involvement of abscisic acid in hydrogen gas-enhanced drought resistance in tomato seedlings

Changes of starch and sucrose content and related gene expression during the growth and development of Lanzhou lily bulb