Manganese and copper additions differently reduced cadmium uptake and accumulation in dwarf Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.).

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a crucial phytohormone, which plays an important role in resistance to Cadmium (Cd) stress. The cell wall (CW) of root system is the main location of Cd and plays a key role in resistance to Cd toxicity. However, the mechanism effect of MeJA on the CW composition and Cd accumulation remain unclear. In this study, the contribution of MeJA in regulating CW structure, pectin composition and Cd accumulation was investigated in Cosmos bipinnatus. Phenotypic results affirm MeJA's significant role in reducing Cd-induced toxicity in C. bipinnatus. Notably, MeJA exerts a dual impact, reducing Cd uptake in roots while increasing Cd accumulation in the CW, particularly bound to pectin. The molecular structure of pectin, mainly uronic acid (UA), correlates positively with Cd content, consistent in HC1 and cellulose, emphasizing UA as pivotal for Cd binding. Furthermore, MeJA modulates pectin methylesterase (PME) activity under Cd stress, influencing pectin's molecular structure and homogalacturonan (HG) content affecting Cd-binding capacity. Chelate-soluble pectin (CSP) within soluble pectins accumulates a substantial Cd proportion, with MeJA regulating both UA content and the minor component 3-deoxy-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) in CSP. The study delves into the intricate regulation of pectin monosaccharide composition under Cd stress, revealing insights into the CW's physical defense and Cd binding. In summary, this research provides novel insights into MeJA-specific mechanisms alleviating Cd toxicity in C. bipinnatus, shedding light on complex interactions between MeJA, and Cd accumulation in CW pectin polysaccharide. 

Methyl jasmonate regulation of pectin polysaccharides in Cosmos bipinnatus roots: A mechanistic insight into alleviating cadmium toxicity.

The properties of metal(loid)s in the environment are mainly determined by their chemical forms. The chemical forms of metal(loid)s affect their possible chemical and biochemical reactions, toxicity, mobility, and bioavailability in the environment. Sequential chemical extraction (SCE) has been successfully used to clarify the chemical forms of soil metal(loid)s. However, quite a few SCE procedures have been applied for speciation analysis of plant samples; there is no systematic discussion in such a field. The current review deals with the SCE of plant metal(loid)s, and compares the extraction procedures and the extractants in different SCE methods. It has been found that some chemical forms are unreliable for plant SCE analyses. The forms can be the phosphates or oxalates of some specific metals in plants, such as gadolinium or chromium, which cannot be fully extracted by the designated extractants, 2% acetic acid, or 0.6 M/L HCl. Therefore, SCE methods for the non-bivalent metal(loid)s have been emphasized in this work. Moreover, the application status, development trends, limitations, and future directions for SCE methods of plant metal(loid)s have been discussed. 

Is there future of sequential chemical extraction for speciation analysis of metal(loid)s in plants?

Bidens tripartita L. is a cadmium (Cd) accumulator. However, the real-time influx or efflux of Cd2+ around its root apex has not yet been performed. The object of this experiment was to compare the roles of added ions in solution on dynamic Cd extraction by B. tripartita root tip. Quartz sand was used to grow the seedling of B. tripartite. The Cd concentrations of all samples were determined by using ICP-OES after digestion. The Cd2+ influx around the root apex was measured in vivo, i.e., using non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT). The results showed that the Cd2+ influx was found to be decreased by 35.9%, 43.7%, 20.6%, and 57.5% under 10 μM Cd combined with high content Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, or K+ (16 mM, 8 mM, 0.5 mM, 18 mM, respectively), compared to that under 10 μM Cd stress. But Cd treatments with low content ions with 0.05 mM Fe3+ or 0.5 mM S increased the Cd2+ influx in roots by 20.5% and 34.6%, respectively. It was also found that Cd treatment with high concentrations of Ca2+ or K+ increased the shoot biomass of B. tripartita seedlings. Chl a and b contents were significantly decreased in the Cd treatments with low concentrations of Fe3+ or S compared to those under Cd stress alone, and the dehydrogenase activity of the roots decreased in the treatment of Cd with 0.05 mM Fe3+ or 0.5 mM S. Our results indicate that the addition of 0.05 mM Fe3+ or 0.5 mM S promoted Cd2+ influx and Cd uptake by B. tripartita. Unlike traditional measurement, the Cd2+ movements of three-dimensional space around the B. tripartita root tip had been performed by NMT. It was suggested that the effects of S and Fe3+ on the remediation potential of B. tripartita need to be further researched in the future. The results of this study provided a real-time and micro-dynamic theoretical basis for phytoremediation mechanisms.

Synergistic Effects of Exogenous Nutrient Ions on the Real-Time Cadmium Extraction by an Accumulator

Differences in Cd Accumulation between Indica and Japonica Rice: Comparative Analysis from the Remobilization and Protein Components Accumulation

NPK-N application limits grain cadmium concentration of wheat via promoting Cd export during grain filling

FeCl3 and Fe2(SO4)3 differentially reduce Cd uptake and accumulation in Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.) seedlings by exporting Cd from roots and limiting Cd binding in the root cell walls.

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NPK-N application limits grain cadmium concentration of wheat via promoting Cd export during grain filling

FeCl3 and Fe2(SO4)3 differentially reduce Cd uptake and accumulation in Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.) seedlings by exporting Cd from roots and limiting Cd binding in the root cell walls.