Rice is consumed by half of the world's population. It is a model monocotyledonous crop. In this communication, the effect of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on the growth, yield attributes and yield is elaborated. Results show that NAA, a synthetic auxin, when applied in spray influences the life cycle of rice via metabolic processes to manifest beneficially through translocating assimilates from source to sink, and hence the yield.

/pdf/1-naphthaleneacetic-acid-in-rice-cultivation-4tyv7iqahb.pdf

1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid in Rice Cultivation

Drought is a common stress in agricultural production. Thus, it is imperative to understand how fruit crops respond to drought and to develop drought-tolerant varieties. This paper provides an overview of the effects of drought on the vegetative and reproductive growth of fruits. We summarize the empirical studies that have assessed the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the drought response in fruit crops. This review focuses on the roles of calcium (Ca2+) signaling, abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, and protein phosphorylation underlying the early drought response in plants. We review the resulting downstream ABA-dependent and ABA-independent transcriptional regulation in fruit crops under drought stress. Moreover, we highlight the positive and negative regulatory mechanisms of microRNAs in the drought response of fruit crops. Lastly, strategies (including breeding and agricultural practices) to improve the drought resistance of fruit crops are outlined.

/pdf/fruit-crops-combating-drought-physiological-responses-and-39vd9dnu.pdf

Fruit crops combating drought: physiological responses and regulatory pathways.

A field study was conducted during the Rabi season of 2009-2010 in the research field of Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka. Six levels of GA3, viz. 0, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 ppm were sprayed at 18 days after sowing (DAS). GA3 treatments significantly increased plant height than the control plants. GA3 with 30 to 90 ppm significantly increased number of branches and leaves, leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter and total dry matter at different growth stages. GA3 at 30 to 70 ppm gradually increased crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) and declined advanced growth stages. Number of dry pods /plant, number of seeds /pod, 1000 seed weight, fresh fodder, fresh pod, dry seed yield and harvest index also significantly increased. Positive significant correlations were found among growth parameters and as well as yield contributing characters.

Effects of Gibberellic Acid (Ga3) on Growth and Yield Parameters of French Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)

A field study was designed to evaluate the effect of growth stimulators application on rice ratoon performance in north of Iran conditions during 2009. Accordingly a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement with three replicates was used. Treatments were two factors of gibberellic acid and Ecormon at three levels (0.5, 1 and 2 times of the recommended dose rate). Results indicated that using growth stimulators had a significant effect on all studied parameters such as plant height, flag leaf, tiller number, grain number, 1000 grain weight and paddy yield. Both GA 3 and Ecormon markedly increased tiller number in ratoon. The grain yield of the ratoon crop was ranged between 1192.1 to 1753 kg ha -1 and remarkably increased when GA 3 was applied to the ratoon crop before flowering. Orthogonal comparisons indicated that the Ecormon treated plants had nearly 7% greater grain yield than the GA3 treated plants. Application of both GA 3 and Ecormon, however, markedly increased grain yield and grain number per panicle (up to 32 and 40 %, respectively) as compared to untreated plants. There were a positive and significant correlations between flag leaf length (r=0.91**), flag leaf area (r=0.76**), grain number (r=0.79**), panicle length (r=0.96**) and 1000 grain weight (r=0.79*) with paddy yield.

/pdf/effect-of-growth-stimulators-on-yield-and-yield-components-1nivyvl7uj.pdf

Effect of growth stimulators on yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.) ratoon

A field trial was conducted in a private farm at AL-Hilla, Iraq during the growing season 2014-2015. The objective of this study was to investigate the foliar application of ethephon and gibberellin on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Iba.99 planted in different dates. Results of this experiment revealed that: application of ethephon (GR2) caused a significant increase in grain yield (an average) of 3.754 t ha-1 due to its superiority in one of the main components (number of spike.m-2) which was amounted to 328.25 spike m-2 as a result of increased number of tillers (377.18 tiller m-2). However, gibberellin (GR1) had significant increase in the weight of thousand grain (38.26 g). Planting date in November 18 (D3) significantly increased the grain yield to 5.25 tons. ha-1 due to high values of grain yield components. Most growth traits, were reflected in an increased biological yield. There was a significant interaction between planting dates and plant growth regulators (ethephon and gibberellin) in all traits, except spike length.

/pdf/effect-of-gibberellin-and-ethephon-on-growth-and-yield-of-3ueylrpeov.pdf

Effect of Gibberellin and Ethephon on Growth and Yield of Bread Wheat Grown in Different Sowing Dates

In the present study, GA3 and NAA were used to inhibit the growth of unproductive tillers of rice plants, and we measured the tiller occur and the grain yield of different treatments, the object of this study was to determine the effect of external hormones on the tiller growth and grain yield, and whether we can regulate the tiller growth by some manipulations of the hormone levels. The results indicated that external 10 mg L-1 GA3 and 1000 mg L-1 NAA significantly inhibit the growth of unproductive tillers, and the elimination of unproductive tillers promoted the growth of productive tillers at the middle and late growth stages, and promoted the development of heavy panicles, and finally increased the grain yield. However, the external 100 mg L-1 GA3 (G100) significantly decreased the grain yield of Yangdao 6. The reason was that the most of the plants of G100 treatment of Yangdao 6 were lodging at filling stage, and the lodging significantly decreased the spikelet filling and grain weight, and finally decreased the grain yield. These results suggested that the application of GA3 in field production may lead to lodging, especially for the indica cultivars. So in field production, GA3 should be used carefully.

	 

	Key words: Rice (Oryza sativa L.), gibberellic acid (GA3), α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), tiller, yield.

Effect of Gibberellic acid (GA3) and -naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the growth of unproductive tillers and the grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract Prunus humilis (2n = 2x = 16) is a dwarf shrub fruit tree native to China and distributed widely in the cold and arid northern region. In this study, we obtained the whole genome sequences of P. humilis by combining Illumina, PacBio and HiC sequencing technologies. This genome was 254.38 Mb long and encodes 28,301 putative proteins. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that P. humilis shares the same ancestor with Prunus mume and Prunus armeniaca at ∼ 29.03 Mya. Gene expansion analysis implied that the expansion of WAX-related and LEA genes might be associated with high drought tolerance of P. humilis and LTR maybe one of the driver factors for the drought adaption by increase the copy number of LEAs. Population diversity analysis among 20 P. humilis accessions found that the genetic diversity of P. humilis populations was limited, only 1.40% base pairs were different with each other, and more wild resources need to be collected and utilized in the breeding and improvement. This study provides new insights to the drought adaption and population diversity of P. humilis that could be used as a potential model plant for horticultural research.

/pdf/the-genome-of-prunus-humilis-provides-new-insights-to-2jbnh42d.pdf

The genome of Prunus humilis provides new insights to drought adaption and population diversity

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Effect of Gibberellic acid (GA3) and -naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the growth of unproductive tillers and the grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The genome of Prunus humilis provides new insights to drought adaption and population diversity