Energy storage devices that can deliver high powers have many applications, including hybrid vehicles and renewable energy. Much research has focused on increasing the power output of lithium batteries by reducing lithium-ion diffusion distances, but outputs remain far below those of electrochemical capacitors and below the levels required for many applications. Here, we report an alternative approach based on the redox reactions of functional groups on the surfaces of carbon nanotubes. Layer-by-layer techniques are used to assemble an electrode that consists of additive-free, densely packed and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The electrode, which is several micrometres thick, can store lithium up to a reversible gravimetric capacity of approximately 200 mA h g(-1)(electrode) while also delivering 100 kW kg(electrode)(-1) of power and providing lifetimes in excess of thousands of cycles, both of which are comparable to electrochemical capacitor electrodes. A device using the nanotube electrode as the positive electrode and lithium titanium oxide as a negative electrode had a gravimetric energy approximately 5 times higher than conventional electrochemical capacitors and power delivery approximately 10 times higher than conventional lithium-ion batteries.

High-Power Lithium Batteries from Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

The popularization of personalized wearable devices has accelerated the development of flexible/stretchable supercapacitors (SCs) that possess remarkable features of miniaturization, high security, and easy integration to build an all-in-one integrated system, and realize the functions of comfortable, noninvasive and continuous health monitoring, motion records, and information acquisition, etc. This Review presents a brief phylogeny of flexible/stretchable SCs, represented by planar micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) and 1D fibrous SCs. The latest progress and advantages of different flexible/stretchable/self-healing substrate, solid-state electrolyte and electrode materials for the fabrication of wearable SCs devices are summarized. The various configurations used in planar MSCs and 1D fibrous SCs aiming at the improvement of performance are also discussed. In addition, from the viewpoint of practical value and large-scale production, a survey of integrated systems, from different types of SC powered wearable sensing (gas, pressure, tactile…) systems, wearable all-in-one systems (including energy harvest, storage, and functional groups), to device packaging is presented. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of wearable SCs are also considered.

Recent Advances in Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors for Wearable Electronics

From Waste to Wealth: From Kraft Lignin to Free-standing Supercapacitors

Flexible supercapacitors have attracted increasing interest due to their high power density, long-term cycling life and excellent safety. Like other energy storage devices, flexible supercapacitors exhibit serious performance degradation as they work in extremely cold and/or sweltering climates, which greatly limit their practical applications. Here, we demonstrate a polymer hydrogel with high ionic conductivity for flexible supercapacitors with high performance and excellent climate tolerance. The wide temperature adaptability of the polymer hydrogel is enabled by introducing an additive of dimethyl sulfoxide, which can form abundant hydrogen bonds with water molecules and functional groups of polymer molecules. The optimized hydrogel exhibits high ionic conductivities of 0.82 and 1.12 S m−1 at −20 and 100 °C, respectively, comparable with that at room temperature. Using the polymer hydrogel as an electrolyte, the resulting supercapacitors not only show high electrochemical performance, but also exhibit high capacitance retention up to 91% and 85% at both low (−20 °C) and high (100 °C) temperatures, compared with that at room temperature. In addition, the developed supercapacitors possess excellent mechanical flexibility even at −20 °C. Polymer hydrogels with wide temperature tolerance could be easily functionalized and broadly used for other flexible energy devices and electronics working in harsh environments in the future.

Flexible supercapacitors with high capacitance retention at temperatures from −20 to 100 °C based on DMSO-doped polymer hydrogel electrolytes

Emerging sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have aroused great attention in large-scale energy storage. However, it is still a great challenge to develop suitable electrode materials due to the large radi...

Hierarchical Microtubes Constructed by MoS2 Nanosheets with Enhanced Sodium Storage Performance.

With the advent of flexible, wearable and portable electronic products, flexible lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and electrochemical capacitors (ECs), which are able to withstand repeated deformation or bending, have attracted considerable attention as one type of energy-storage device. However, the fabrication of these flexible electrodes is the main bottleneck in the practical utilization and application of these energy-storage devices. Up to now, enormous efforts have been made in addressing the shortcomings and remarkable improvements have also been achieved. So a systematic review of the status and progresses is highly required. In this review, we first make a short introduction about the challenges faced in the conventional batteries and capacitors. Then, we summarize the recent improvements in flexible and wearable LIBs and ECs with a focus on the flexible active materials and substrates. Finally, we discuss the prospects and challenges towards the practical applications of the flexible electrodes in the future.

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Recent progress in flexible energy storage materials for lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors: A review

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Recent progress in flexible energy storage materials for lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors: A review