Critical factors limiting pollination success in oil palm: A systematic review

The pollination of two oil palm species, Elaeis guineensis Jacquin and Elaeis oleifera Cortes (Arecales: Arecaceae), depends on a mutualistic relation with insects, which use male inflorescences as a brood site, and visits female inflorescences lured by the emitted odor, which is similar to that of males. Although the activity of visiting the inflorescences by these insects is critical for the adequate natural pollination of the host plant, their activity is poorly documented. In the present study, we determine the diel activity of two specialized pollinator weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on inflorescences of their respective host-palm: Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust specialized on E. guineensis, and Grasidius hybridus O'Brien and Beserra specialized on E. oleifera. The average timing of activity was studied by using passive interception traps. Then the pattern and the duration were refined by using aspiration trapping within the active period for each insect species at the male and female inflorescences. All the experiments were conducted in an Ecuadorian oil palm plantation, located close to Amazonian forest. El. kamerunicus and G. hybridus were found to be the pollinators of E. guineensis and E. oleifera, respectively. The two species differed in their diel pattern of activity: E. kamerunicus was active in the morning and G. hybridus during a short period at dusk. For both palm species, insect visits were synchronous on both male and female inflorescences. The synchronicity is discussed as a strategy to maintain the relation mutualistic between partners. These findings increase our understanding of the oil palm pollination system.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01605164/document

Diel Patterns of Activity for Insect Pollinators of Two Oil Palm Species (Arecales : Arecaceae).

Introduction of current pollination techniques and factors affecting pollination effectiveness by Elaeidobius kamerunicus in oil palm plantations on regional and global scale: a review

(2008). Learning SAS by Example: A Programmer's Guide. Technometrics: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 91-92.

Learning SAS by Example: A Programmer's Guide

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is an economically important crop in South-east Asia, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. In Malaysia, oil palm is the most profitable commodity in the agriculture sector. The future of oil palm lies in obtaining a higher yield that is aligned and directed towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) by 2030. Elaeidobius kamerunicus was introduced into Malaysia during the late 1980s to boost the production of oil palm fruit bunches. Almost 40 years since the introduction of E. kamerunicus, significant improvements have been witnessed in the increase of oil palm yield. Nevertheless, the current concern in the oil palm sector is regarding the decreasing of fruit set that may be affected by E. kamerunicus. The weevil population plays a crucial factor in the pollination of oil palm. Several factors had been reported to reduce the weevil population such as natural enemies, interaction with local insects, pesticides, climate and male inflorescence. These factors have been addressed in this article based on various studies conducted since the first investigation in Cameroon by Syed in 1977. The role of the pollinator in terms of its biology, behaviour and pollination mechanism is also described in this article, together with the population management of the weevils. This review article will provide a summary of the current state of Elaeidobius kamerunicus in Malaysia and other neighbouring oil palm-producing countries.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6FFC1A36C6235C2AAE97CE3224CFABC8/S026646742000022Xa.pdf/div-class-title-beyond-four-decades-of-span-class-italic-elaeidobius-kamerunicus-span-faust-coleoptera-curculionidae-in-the-malaysian-oil-palm-industry-a-review-div.pdf

Beyond four decades of Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Malaysian oil palm industry: a review

Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the pollinating weevil, is the most efficient insect pollinator of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecales: Arecaceae). In this experiment, the pollinating activity of E. kamerunicus was observed in an oil palm field in Hainan, China, in order to further understand the dynamics of the weevil's behavior on inflorescences. Both male and female inflorescences emitted an anise-like fragrance. Female inflorescences appeared to reward the weevils with copious nectar production, whereas male inflorescences appeared to do so with both nectar and pollen. The number of weevils visiting an inflorescence was assessed by the use of a sticky trap encircling it, and by counting the weevils present on samples of spikelets of inflorescences. The weevil population peaked on the 3rd day of anthesis on male inflorescences, and on the 2nd day of anthesis on female inflorescences. Weevil activity recorded on the day of highest abundance during anthesis rev...

https://bioone.org/journals/florida-entomologist/volume-98/issue-2/024.098.0217/Pollination-Activity-of-Elaeidobius-kamerunicus-Coleoptera--Curculionoidea-on-Oil/10.1653/024.098.0217.pdf

Pollination Activity of Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) on Oil Palm on Hainan Island

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Pollination Activity of Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) on Oil Palm on Hainan Island