Earthquakes are one of the most significant external factors that induce the failure of anti-dip bedding rock slopes (ABRSs). The pseudo-static method is currently (and is likely to remain in the near future) the most effective and popular method used to evaluate the stability and design of such slopes under the action of earthquakes. In this work, based on the limit equilibrium method and genetic algorithm, a new method considering the inertial force of earthquakes is proposed to assess the stability of ABRSs. Results previously obtained from centrifuge tests and reported in the literature were used to investigate the veracity of the proposed method. A parametric study was then performed to investigate the effects of earthquakes and the mechanical properties of the rock layers on the failure mechanism of an ABRS. The results show that ABRSs are more likely to undergo a complex combination of shearing and flexural toppling failure under the combined action of gravity and earthquake. The direction of the earthquake-induced inertial force, tensile strength of the rock layers, and shear strength of the joints significantly affect the stability of ABRSs. On the other hand, these factors have little influence on the shape of the failure surface. The failure surface is stepped (with steps of different heights) rather than a plane. The failure surface and corresponding safety factor of an ABRS can be readily found using the proposed method, and the failure mode of each rock layer can be obtained. The method proposed in this work provides a convenient theoretical tool for the design of ABRSs in regions prone to seismic activity.

A new method of assessing the stability of anti-dip bedding rock slopes subjected to earthquake

Assessing the stability of rock slopes with respect to flexural toppling failure using a limit equilibrium model and genetic algorithm

Stability analysis of anti-dip bedding rock slopes using a limit equilibrium model combined with bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method

Theoretical and numerical analysis of flexural toppling failure in soft-hard interbedded anti-dip rock slopes

Fast stability assessment of rock slopes subjected to flexural toppling failure using adaptive moment estimation (Adam) algorithm

Flexural toppling often occurs in layered rock slopes, and rock columns behave like inclined superimposed cantilever beams that bend under their own weight. However, anti-dip rock slopes always have nonuniform joint spacing, and rock columns do not have the same ability of deformation due to different stiffness. To have the same deflection, based on the mechanics of materials, the moment and shear force at the failure surface should satisfy a certain proportional relationship. An analytical model based on deformation compatibility against the flexural toppling failure has been established. In the proposed model, the slope is divided into free deflection zones and compatible deflection zones by shear forces on the failure surface. The safety factor of each block can be calculated by the bending moment, and the least factor is used to represent the safety of the slope. In addition, for an equal thickness model, the average stiffness method is suggested to determine the calculated thickness for foliated rock slopes with nonuniform joint spacing. Finally, a case study is used for practical verification of the proposed method.

Stability Analysis of Anti-dip Rock Slopes with Flexural Toppling Failure Based on Deformation Compatibility

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Stability Analysis of Anti-dip Rock Slopes with Flexural Toppling Failure Based on Deformation Compatibility