Nanomedicine consists of the application of nanotechnologies in the medical field. In many nanomedical applications, supercritical fluids based processes represent the best potential choice, since they allow controlled fabrication of biological active nanoparticles, nanostructured microparticles, nanoporous/nanostructured materials. These products can be used to develop cell diagnostic kits, intracellular devices, engineered drug delivery systems, implantable materials and devices. This review is a critical analysis of the results reported in the literature on this fascinating and explosively growing field.

Supercritical fluids applications in nanomedicine

MUC1 aptamer conjugated to chitosan nanoparticles, an efficient targeted carrier designed for anticancer SN38 delivery.

In this work, the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process is proposed to coprecipitate zein with diclofenac sodium (a model drug). In the first part of this paper, the proper conditions, in terms of pressure, temperature and concentration, for the attainment of zein microparticles, were detected. At 90 bar, 40 °C and 50 mg/mL, microparticles with a mean diameter of 4.19 μm were obtained. The coprecipitation with diclofenac sodium at different polymer/drug ratio and concentration in the liquid solution was successfully performed and, with the support of the drug release analyses, the coprecipitation mechanisms (both in the case of microparticles and nanoparticles formation) were postulated.

Zein/diclofenac sodium coprecipitation at micrometric and nanometric range by supercritical antisolvent processing

In this work, the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process was used to coprecipitate Eudragit L100-55 (EUD) with diclofenac (DICLO) and theophylline (THEOP), with the aim of obtaining composite microparticles with a prolonged drug release for oral delivery. Working at the optimized conditions in terms of pressure and overall concentration in the liquid solution (10.0 MPa and 50 mg/mL), microparticles of EUD/DICLO 20/1 and 10/1 w/w were produced with a mean size of 2.92 µm and 1.53 µm, respectively. For the system EUD/THEOP, well-defined spherical microspheres with a mean diameter ranging from 3.75 µm and 5.93 µm were produced at 12.0 MPa. The produced composite systems were characterized by various techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray microanalysis, FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopy. Dissolution studies showed the potential of EUD to prolong the drug release, significantly, up to a few days.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/1/234/pdf

Eudragit: A Novel Carrier for Controlled Drug Delivery in Supercritical Antisolvent Coprecipitation.

Self-assembly of zein microspheres with controllable particle size and narrow distribution using a novel built-in ultrasonic dialysis process

In this study, 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) and poly ( l -lactic acid) (PLLA) are co-precipitated by the supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) process using a mixture of dichloromethane (DCM)/ethanol (EtOH) as co-solvent, and supercritical carbon dioxide as the anti-solvent. The effect of five operating conditions on particle morphology, mass median diameter (Dp50) and HCPT loading is investigated using the single-factor method. The results indicate that HCPT loading can be greatly increased by using DCM/EtOH co-solvent, and the suitable operating conditions for the experimental system are determined. Under suitable conditions, the HCPT loading is 13.3% and Dp50 is 794.5 nm. The drug loaded microparticles are characterized in detail. The SEM images showed that most of the particles were spherical, and PLLA concentration has a major impact on the particle shape. Results of TEM, DSC and XRD indicate that the micronized HCPT is dispersed into the PLLA matrix. For low HCPT loading, most of HCPT existed in the drug loaded microparticles in an amorphous state, but for high HCPT loading, part of the encapsulated drug existed in crystalline form. FT-IR results show that SAS process does not change the chemical structure of HCPT. The result of in vitro drug release test indicated that the crystallinity of HCPT in microparticles affects the control release performance, and the good encapsulated microparticles with higher HCPT loading and higher crystallinity are better.

Co-precipitation of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and poly (l-lactic acid) by supercritical CO2 anti-solvent process using dichloromethane/ethanol co-solvent

Preparation of 10-hydroxycamptothecin proliposomes by the supercritical CO2 anti-solvent process

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Co-precipitation of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and poly (l-lactic acid) by supercritical CO2 anti-solvent process using dichloromethane/ethanol co-solvent

Preparation of 10-hydroxycamptothecin proliposomes by the supercritical CO2 anti-solvent process