A wide range of applications are possible with paper-based analytical devices, which are low priced, easy to fabricate and operate, and require no specialized equipment. Paper-based microfluidics offers the design of miniaturized POC devices to be applied in the health, environment, food, and energy sector employing the ASSURED (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment free and Deliverable to end users) principle of WHO. Therefore, this field is growing very rapidly and ample research is being done. This review focuses on fabrication and detection techniques reported to date. Additionally, this review emphasises on the application of this technology in the area of medical diagnosis, energy generation, environmental monitoring, and food quality control. This review also presents the theoretical analysis of fluid flow in porous media for the efficient handling and control of fluids. The limitations of PAD have also been discussed with an emphasis to concern on the transformation of such devices from laboratory to the consumer. 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9743133

Paper based microfluidic devices: a review of fabrication techniques and applications

Optimal innovation strategies of automakers with market competition under the dual-credit policy

The Brahmaputra River Basin. The Brahmaputra River Basin (BRB) is the most environmentally fragile and politically unstable transboundary river basin in South Asia. Therefore, incorporating the environmental sector into water-energy-food system analysis is necessary to better serve water resource management in the BRB. Integrated water resources system analysis can provide more perspectives for alleviating political tension and promoting cooperation in the basin. This study proposes a modeling framework to explore the water-energy-food-environment (WEFE) nexus and analyze transboundary cooperation opportunities in the BRB. Employing the framework, we attempt to answer three questions: (1) how can we understand the relationships between various sectors and coordinate their water demands? (2) How do these relationships influence riparian countries’ decisions? (3) What measures can promote the sustainable development of the BRB under climate change and water infrastructure development? The results show that the trade-off curve between economic benefits and environmental costs has declining marginal value in the BRB. When environmental constraints are raised, countries are more inclined to cooperate to obtain more economic benefits. Full cooperation in the BRB increases the economic benefits and prompts riparian countries to take a greener road among the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126). Water resource project construction can improve the utility of water resources in a country, thus enhancing its discourse power on benefit reallocation. 

Modeling the water-energy-food-environment nexus and transboundary cooperation opportunity in the Brahmaputra River Basin

Defining a reasonable and feasible watershed ecological compensation threshold is the key to protecting watershed ecological functions and maintaining the sustainable utilization of watershed ecosystems. However, many studies have obtained compensation values that are too high to promote the implementation of ecological compensation policies. This study chose the upper reaches of the Yangtze River as the research area, taking water resources closer to people’s daily needs as the evaluation object. Based on the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs) model and grey water footprint method, the ecological compensation threshold model for water resources was established. Combined with the eco-compensation priority sequence coefficient identification of protected areas and beneficiary areas and allowed for the measurement of the watershed ecological compensation value in 2015 and 2020. Finally, compare the advantages and disadvantages of different ecological compensation calculation methods, compare the gap between different watershed ecological compensation standards and the theoretical threshold globally. The results showed that from 2015 to 2020, the value of the water content in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River increased, while the value of the grey water footprint decreased. The classified watershed ecological compensation beneficiary areas were mainly concentrated in the central-eastern and southern parts of the upper Yangtze River, while the ecological compensation protected areas were concentrated in the western and northwestern parts. The mean absolute values of the watershed ecological compensation thresholds for each prefecture-level city and state ranged from 0.43 to 24.63 billion CNY in 2015 and from 0.67 to 41.60 billion CNY in 2020, which were close to the actual values. Among the different land-use types, the water conservation service value per unit area of shrubs was the highest. The lower limit value of watershed ecological compensation calculated using the grey water footprint method was closer to the amount of compensation in practice than was the commonly used opportunity cost method. The findings of the study can help improve the watershed ecological compensation mechanism in the upper Yangtze River region, promote win–win cooperation among transboundary watershed areas, and form a harmonious and stable green development model.

/pdf/how-to-measure-the-ecological-compensation-threshold-in-the-11wxsbk1.pdf

How to measure the ecological compensation threshold in the upper Yangtze River basin, China? An approach for coupling InVEST and grey water footprint

Coordinating multiple cultivated land functions (CLFs) has become a key challenge for land system science. Identifying the dynamic evolution and mechanisms of multiple CLFs will help to formulate targeted cultivated land management policy for achieving the sustainable development of highly urbanized areas. This study quantified four primary CLFs, i.e., agricultural production function (APF), social security function (SSF), ecological service function (ESF), and landscape aesthetic function (LAF) at the prefecture-level cities of the Yangtze River Delta region and then explored an integrated framework for “dynamic-mechanism-clustering” of these CLFs. The results showed that four primary CLFs varied substantially across the prefecture-level cities and presented significant changes over time. The slope has a great negative impact on multiple CLFs. Precipitation was negatively correlated with APF and ESF, rural residents’ income and distance to the road showed negative correlations with SSF and LAF. The areas covered by large-scale contiguous cultivated land presented the strongest cultivated land multifunctionality, whereas the highly urbanized areas and the areas with considerable forest land showed weak cultivated land multifunctionality. We suggested that decision-makers should consider the underlying drivers of multiple CLFs for better cultivated land management and promoting the sustainable use of cultivated land. 

Exploring an integrated framework for “dynamic-mechanism-clustering” of multiple cultivated land functions in the Yangtze River Delta region

Optimal design of the ecological compensation mechanism in transboundary river basins under the Belt and Road Initiative

Paper‐based microfluidics emerges as an innovative platform for constructing miniaturized electrochemical devices, which mainly benefit from the spontaneous capillary action of paper. Nevertheless, the capillary‐driven flow dynamics on paper are determined exclusively by the intrinsic properties of paper and fluidics, thus lacking the controllability that conventional pump‐based microfluidics can provide. Herein, an approach to regulating the capillary flow on paper is introduced by conjugating the outlets of microfluidic channels with a photothermal module for water evaporation. The capillary flow rate on paper can be handily regulated from 4 to 37 µL min−1 under controllable illumination conditions. As a proof‐of‐concept, prototypical paper‐based microfluidic fuel cells integrated with the photothermal module are constructed. Their peak power density can be boosted from 0.3 up to 2.1 mW cm−2 under the simulated sunlight irradiation. The influence of capillary flow rate on the fuel cell performance is further validated using multiphysics simulations. The present work not only provides a practically feasible method to boost the performance of paper‐based microfluidic fuel cells using solar energy, but also opens a new avenue for modulating the performance of paper‐based microfluidics, which has long been a challenge in this field.

Solar‐Boosted Paper‐Based Microfluidic Fuel Cells for Miniaturized Power Sources

The utility mode discloses an identity verification intelligent integrated machine for examinations, wherein the identity verification intelligent integrated machine comprises a casing, a power supply, a microprocessor connected with the power supply, an internal memory connected with the power supply and the microprocessor, and a memory card connected with the internal memory The identity verification intelligent integrated machine also comprises an image acquisition sensor, a scanning sensor, an image processor and a human-machine interface, which are all connected with the power supply, the internal memory and the microprocessor The identity verification intelligent integrated machine has the characteristics of rapid recognition, accurate and non-contact data acquisition, convenient installation and easy operation Due to the adoption of the wireless transmission and the mode of managing by an examination center in an unified manner, the identify verification intelligent integrated machine, which has the characteristics of convenience, rapidness, accuracy, high reliability and high automation degree and is suitable for identity verification in various occasions, enables to effectively reduce the wiring cost and the maintenance cost, to effectively prevent the phenomenon of taking an exanimation for somebody and to greatly enhance the fairness and the justice of the examination

Identity verification intelligent integrated machine for examinations

Unconventional water constitutes the fundamental approach to addressing global water scarcity and achieving the sustainable circulation of water resources. Due to the significant environmental advantages and economical production costs, reclaimed water has emerged as a preeminent unconventional source. However, the use in China confronts the predicament of oversupply relative to demand, requiring policy measures to overcome this challenge. Limited research exists on the combined impact of subsidies and water quality information disclosure supervision on reclaimed water utilization, potentially underestimating the practical incentivizing role of water quality information disclosure. Therefore, based on the framework of 'external environment-perceived value-utilization intention,' a multi-agent-based simulation model driven by evolutionary game theory is constructed, from micro to macro perspective, to investigate the composite effects of subsidies and water quality information disclosure supervision on public intentions for reclaimed water utilization and the evolutionary track of public decision-making. The results showed that (1) The influence of subsidies on the public's inclination toward reclaimed water has regional heterogeneity. In regions with average economic development, the subsidy policy shows an inverted U-shaped correlation with the public's intention to reclaimed water, indicating the presence of an optimal value for maximizing the promotional effect of subsidies. Conversely, the effect is less discernible in regions with higher economic development. (2) In regions with average economic development, supervision of information disclosure behavior can avert the diminishing incentivizing effects under radical subsidies, but the assistance of various supervision intensities is different. (3) In regions with higher economic development, the incentive effect of subsidies can be positively modulated by the supervision policy. Interactions between subsidy and supervision policies evoke diverse chain reactions under varying intensities in these regions, and the combination of moderate subsidies and high supervision emerges as the most optimal strategy to advance reclaimed water development. 

Dynamic simulation for reclaimed water reuse under multi-intervention policies in China

With the deep application of automation and digitalization technologies, the global automobile value chains are undergoing a new round of large-scale restructuring, and the traditional supply chain structure taken vehicle manufacturers as the core has been broken. The dual-credit policy (DCP), taking over the subsidies for new energy vehicles (NEVs), plays a vital role in reconstructing, transforming, and upgrading the automobile industry. The target group of DCP is passenger vehicle manufacturers, but it is unclear how its implementation will affect the NEV industry chain. To address this issue, this study examined the impact of the DCP on the innovation performance of automobile manufacturing enterprises using a DID (difference-in-difference) model based on the data of 693 listed advanced manufacturing enterprises in China A-shares from 2014 to 2021. The empirical results show that the DCP has significantly promoted the innovation performance of automobile manufacturing enterprises. In terms of supply chain role heterogeneity, the impact of the DCP on the innovation performance of parts manufacturers is more significant. Regarding enterprise ownership heterogeneity, the DCP has a greater impact on the innovation performance of SOEs(state-owned enterprises). In addition, regarding regional heterogeneity, enterprises in eastern and middle regions are significantly affected by the DCP to improve innovation performance. 

Does the dual-credit policy promote the technological development of new energy vehicles? An industry chain reconstruction perspective

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