Chemical stabilization remediation for heavy metals in contaminated soils on the latest decade: Available stabilizing materials and associated evaluation methods－A critical review

Simple Summary The legume–rhizobium symbiosis is one of the most beneficial interactions with high importance in agriculture, as it delivers nitrogen to plants and soil, thereby enhancing plant growth. Currently, this symbiosis is increasingly being exploited in phytoremediation of metal contaminated soil to improve soil fertility and simultaneously metal extraction or stabilization. Rhizobia increase phytoremediation directly by nitrogen fixation, protection of plants from pathogens, and production of plant growth-promoting factors and phytohormones. Abstract With the increasing industrial activity of the growing human population, the accumulation of various contaminants in soil, including heavy metals, has increased rapidly. Heavy metals as non-biodegradable elements persist in the soil environment and may pollute crop plants, further accumulating in the human body causing serious conditions. Hence, phytoremediation of land contamination as an environmental restoration technology is desirable for both human health and broad-sense ecology. Legumes (Fabaceae), which play a special role in nitrogen cycling, are dominant plants in contaminated areas. Therefore, the use of legumes and associated nitrogen-fixing rhizobia to reduce the concentrations or toxic effects of contaminants in the soil is environmentally friendly and becomes a promising strategy for phytoremediation and phytostabilization. Rhizobia, which have such plant growth-promoting (PGP) features as phosphorus solubilization, phytohormone synthesis, siderophore release, production of beneficial compounds for plants, and most of all nitrogen fixation, may promote legume growth while diminishing metal toxicity. The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive description of the main effects of metal contaminants in nitrogen-fixing leguminous plants and the benefits of using the legume–rhizobium symbiosis with both wild-type and genetically modified plants and bacteria to enhance an efficient recovery of contaminated lands.

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Utilization of Legume-Nodule Bacterial Symbiosis in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils

Enhanced Cd phytostabilization and rhizosphere bacterial diversity of Robinia pseudoacacia L. by endophyte Enterobacter sp. YG-14 combined with sludge biochar.

Soil heavy metal lead pollution and its stabilization remediation technology

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and hydrologic conditions significantly influences the migration and transformation of heavy metals, especially in wetland soil. However, there still remains challenge in understanding how the DOM from different sources regulates the bioavailability of heavy metals, enzyme activity and microbial activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of natural DOM (NDOM, extraction of Carex cinerascens) and artificial DOM (Humic acids, HA) on microbial community and bioavailability of Cu and Pb in wetland soils of Poyang Lake under wetted and flooded conditions. The results demonstrated that the pH increased from 5.5 to 6.4 while Eh decreased from 95.8 to 31.6 mV to maximum extent after applying HA under flooded condition. Although planting C. cinerascens improved the soil quality under the stress of Cu and Pb, the use of HA restrained this effect except for Pb under wetted condition, demonstrating the intake of exogenous DOM increased the bioavailability of metals under flooded condition. However, the activities of catalase and urease in soil were markedly enhanced due to the implication of DOM, which increased more under the wetted condition as compared to the flooded condition. Similar phenomenon was found in chlorophyll. In addition, microbial diversity and community could be promoted by the application of HA. Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid -Cu (DTPA-Cu), pH and flooded condition might significantly influence the bacterial composition. Therefore, this research presents valuable theoretical basis for remediation of heavy metals and effects of DOM and hydrologic condition on microorganism in plant-wetland soil system.

Different dissolved organic matters regulate the bioavailability of heavy metals and rhizosphere microbial activity in a plant-wetland soil system

Effects of sodium sulfide application on the growth of Robinia pseudoacacia, heavy metal immobilization, and soil microbial activity in Pb–Zn polluted soil

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish symbiosis and improve the lead (Pb) tolerance of host plants. The AM plants accumulate more Pb in roots than their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. However, the direct and long-term impact of AM fungi on plant Pb uptake has been rarely reported. In this study, AM fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) colonized and non-colonized roots of Medicago truncatula were separated by a split-root system, and their differences in responding to Pb application were compared. The shoot biomass accumulation and transpiration were increased after R. irregularis inoculation, whereas the biomass of both colonized and non-colonized roots was decreased. Lead application in the non-colonized root compartment increased the R. irregularis colonization rate and up-regulated the relative expressions of MtPT4 and MtBCP1 in the colonized root compartments. Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation increased Pb uptake in both colonized and non-colonized roots, and R. irregularis transferred Pb to the colonized root segment. The Pb transferred through the colonized root segment had low mobility and might be sequestrated and compartmented in the root by R. irregularis. The Pb uptake of roots might follow water flow, which is facilitated by MtPIP2. The quantification of Pb transfer via the mycorrhizal pathway and the involvement of MtPIP2 deserve further study.

/pdf/arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-increase-pb-uptake-of-colonized-3o7m59z7rq.pdf

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Increase Pb Uptake of Colonized and Non-Colonized Medicago truncatula Root and Deliver Extra Pb to Colonized Root Segment.

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Effects of sodium sulfide application on the growth of Robinia pseudoacacia, heavy metal immobilization, and soil microbial activity in Pb–Zn polluted soil

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Increase Pb Uptake of Colonized and Non-Colonized Medicago truncatula Root and Deliver Extra Pb to Colonized Root Segment.