Successful materials design for bone-tissue engineering requires an understanding of the composition and structure of native bone tissue, as well as appropriate selection of biomimetic natural or tunable synthetic materials (biomaterials), such as polymers, bioceramics, metals and composites. Scalable fabrication technologies that enable control over construct architecture at multiple length scales, including three-dimensional printing and electric-field-assisted techniques, can then be employed to process these biomaterials into suitable forms for bone-tissue engineering. In this Review, we provide an overview of materials-design considerations for bone-tissue-engineering applications in both disease modelling and treatment of injuries and disease in humans. We outline the materials-design pathway from implementation strategy through selection of materials and fabrication methods to evaluation. Finally, we discuss unmet needs and current challenges in the development of ideal materials for bone-tissue regeneration and highlight emerging strategies in the field. Design of bone-tissue-engineering materials involves consideration of multiple, often conflicting, requirements. This Review discusses these considerations and highlights scalable technologies that can fabricate natural and synthetic biomaterials (polymers, bioceramics, metals and composites) into forms suitable for bone-tissue-engineering applications in human therapies and disease models.

Materials design for bone-tissue engineering

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of distinctive porous crystalline materials constructed by metal ions/clusters and organic linkers. Owing to their structural diversity, functional adjustability, and high surface area, different types of MOF-based single metal sites are well exploited, including coordinately unsaturated metal sites from metal nodes and metallolinkers, as well as active metal species immobilized to MOFs. Furthermore, controllable thermal transformation of MOFs can upgrade them to nanomaterials functionalized with active single-atom catalysts (SACs). These unique features of MOFs and their derivatives enable them to serve as a highly versatile platform for catalysis, which has actually been becoming a rapidly developing interdisciplinary research area. In this review, we overview the recent developments of catalysis at single metal sites in MOF-based materials with emphasis on their structures and applications for thermocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis. We also compare the results and summarize the major insights gained from the works in this review, providing the challenges and prospects in this emerging field.

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Catalysts with Single Metal Sites.

Emerging single atom catalysts (SACs), especially carbon-based SACs are appealing materials in environmental catalysis because of their ultrahigh performances, environmental friendliness, structural/chemical robustness, and the maximum utilization of active metal sites. The metal centres, carbon matrixes, and coordination characteristics collectively determine the electronic features of carbon-based SACs, and their behaviours in catalysing peroxide activation and efficiencies in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). However, there is lack of a comprehensive and critical review reporting the successful marriage of carbon-based SACs in AOP-based remediation technologies. It is particularly necessary to systematically compare and reveal the catalytic sites and the associated mechanisms of carbon-based SACs in diverse AOP systems. In this review, we highlight the synthetic strategies, characterisation, and computation of carbon-based SACs, and for the first time, showcase their innovative applications in AOP technologies. We unveil the origins of versatile catalytic oxidation pathways in different AOP systems and the mechanisms of micropollutant degradation over carbon-based SACs, distinguished from the upsized counterparts (metals/oxides and carbon substrates). We also provide directions to the rational design of on-demand SACs for green chemistry and environmental sustainability. Also, we suggest a designated and integrated experimental/theoretical protocol for revealing the structure-catalysis relations of SACs in AOP applications, and propose the prospects for future opportunities and challenges.

Single-atom catalysis in advanced oxidation processes for environmental remediation.

Graphene quantum dots from chemistry to applications

The study of carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) for biomedical applications has attracted great attention due to their unique chemical and physical properties including thermal, mechanical, electrical, optical and structural diversity. With the help of these intrinsic properties, CBNs, including carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene oxide (GO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), have been extensively investigated in biomedical applications. This review summarizes the most recent studies in developing of CBNs for various biomedical applications including bio-sensing, drug delivery and cancer therapy.

/pdf/carbon-based-nanomaterials-for-biomedical-applications-a-3b8au9c80p.pdf

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: A Recent Study.

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have generated enormous excitement because of their superiority in chemical inertness, biocompatibility and low toxicity. Due to quantum confinement and edge effects, GQDs have excellent properties, attracting extensive attention from scientists in the fields of chemistry, physics, materials science, biology, and other interdisciplinary sciences. In this review, we aim to present a comprehensive view on the synthesis of GQDs for biological applications. We highlight potential methods like acid oxidation, hydrothermal and solvothermal reactions, microwave-assisted methods, electrochemical oxidation, as well as pyrolysis and carbonization for the successful preparation of GQDs. Meanwhile, four representative types of biomedical application based on GQDs, bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, and antimicrobial materials, are introduced and discussed in detail. This work will be very useful for quickly gaining knowledge and experience for synthesizing various GQDs, and developing advanced strategies for creating novel functional GQD-based nanomaterials for further applications in biomedicine, materials science, analytical science, and optical nanodevices.

Technical synthesis and biomedical applications of graphene quantum dots

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hybridized hydrogel as a near-infrared (NIR)/pH dual-responsive platform for combined chemo-photothermal therapy

Single-Atomic-Co Electrocatalysts with Self-Supported Architecture toward Oxygen-Involved Reaction

Gold nanocluster embedded bovine serum albumin nanofibers-graphene hybrid membranes for the efficient detection and separation of mercury ion

Synthesis and biomedical applications of fluorescent nanogels

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