A NAC transcription factor, TaNAC5D-2, acts as a positive regulator of drought tolerance through regulating water loss in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract Wheat NAC (TaNAC) transcription factors are important regulators of stress responses and developmental processes. This study proposes a new TaNAC nomenclature and identified defense-associated TaNACs based on the analysis of RNA-sequencing datasets of wheat tissue infected with major fungal pathogens. A total of 146 TaNACs were pathogen-responsive, of which 52 were orthologous with functionally characterized defense-associated NACs from barley, rice, and Arabidopsis, as deduced via phylogenetic analysis. Next, we focused on the phylogenetic relationship of the pathogen-responsive TaNACs and their expression profiles in healthy and diseased tissues. Three subfamilies (“a,” “e,” and “f”) were significantly enriched in pathogen-responsive TaNACs, of which the majority were responsive to at least 2 pathogens (universal pathogen response). Uncharacterized TaNACs from subfamily “a” enriched with defense-associated NACs are promising candidates for functional characterization in pathogen defense. In general, pathogen-responsive TaNACs were expressed in at least 2 healthy organs. Lastly, we showed that the wheat NAM domain is significantly divergent in sequence in subfamilies “f,” “g,” and “h” based on HMMER and motif analysis. New protein motifs were identified in both the N- and C-terminal parts of TaNACs. Three of those identified in the C-terminal part were linked to pathogen responsiveness of the TaNACs and 2 were linked to expression in grain tissue. Future studies should benefit from this comprehensive in silico analysis of pathogen-responsive TaNACs as a basis for selecting the most promising candidates for functional validation and crop improvement.

/pdf/comprehensive-analysis-of-pathogen-responsive-wheat-nac-25ldoaj0.pdf

Comprehensive analysis of pathogen-responsive wheat NAC transcription factors: new candidates for crop improvement

NAC is a class of plant-specific transcription factors that are widely involved in the growth, development and (a)biotic stress response of plants. However, their molecular evolution has not been extensively studied in Malvales, especially in Aquilaria sinensis, a commercial and horticultural crop that produces an aromatic resin named agarwood. In this study, 1502 members of the NAC gene family were identified from the genomes of nine species from Malvales and three model plants. The macroevolutionary analysis revealed that whole genome duplication (WGD) and dispersed duplication (DSD) have shaped the current architectural structure of NAC gene families in Malvales plants. Then, 111 NAC genes were systemically characterized in A. sinensis. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that NAC genes in A. sinensis can be classified into 16 known clusters and four new subfamilies, with each subfamily presenting similar gene structures and conserved motifs. RNA-seq analysis showed that AsNACs presents a broad transcriptional response to the agarwood inducer. The expression patterns of 15 AsNACs in A. sinensis after injury treatment indicated that AsNAC019 and AsNAC098 were positively correlated with the expression patterns of four polyketide synthase (PKS) genes. Additionally, AsNAC019 and AsNAC098 were also found to bind with the AsPKS07 promoter and activate its transcription. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the molecular evolution of the NAC gene family in Malvales plants and highlights the potential mechanisms of AsNACs for regulating secondary metabolite biosynthesis in A. sinensis, especially for the biosynthesis of 2-(2-phenyl) chromones in agarwood.

Comprehensive Analysis of NAC Transcription Factors Reveals Their Evolution in Malvales and Functional Characterization of AsNAC019 and AsNAC098 in Aquilaria sinensis

Identification of temporally distributed candidate genes for high iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

ABSTRACT The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factor family is one of the largest families unique to plants and is involved in plant growth and development, organs, morphogenesis, and stress responses. The NAC family has been identified in many plants. As the main source of resistance genes for sugarcane breeding, the NAC gene family in the wild species Saccharum spontaneum has not been systematically studied. In this study, 115 SsNAC genes were identified in the S. spontaneum genome, and these genes were heterogeneously distributed on 25 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis divided the SsNAC family members into 18 subgroups, and the gene structure and conserved motif analysis further supported the phylogenetic classification. Four groups of tandemly duplicated genes and nine pairs of segmentally duplicated genes were detected. The SsNAC gene has different expression patterns at different developmental stages of stems and leaves. Further qRT–PCR analysis showed that drought, low-temperature, salinity, pathogenic fungi, and other stresses as well as abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments significantly induced the expression of 12 SsNAC genes, indicating that these genes may play a key role in the resistance of S. spontaneum to biotic and abiotic stresses. In summary, the results from this study provide comprehensive information on the NAC transcription factor family, providing a reference for further functional studies of the SsNAC gene.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15592324.2022.2088665?needAccess=true

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the NAC transcription factor family in Saccharum spontaneum under different stresses

The NAC genes, a large plant-specific family of transcription factors, regulate a wide range of pathways involved in development and response to biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, the NAC transcription factors were identified in 27 green plants, and the results showed that NAC transcription factors in plants undergo an appearance stage from water to land and a number expansion stage from gymnosperm to angiosperm. Investigating the evolutionary process of the NAC transcription factors from diploid species to hexaploid wheat revealed that tandem replications during the polyploidization process is an important event for increasing the number of NAC transcription factors in wheat. Then, the molecular characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns of 462 NAC transcription factors of hexaploid wheat (TaNACs) were analyzed. The protein structure results showed that TaNAC was relatively conservative at the N-terminal that contains five subdomains. All these TaNACs were divided into Group I and Group II by phylogenetic analysis, and the TaNACs in Group I should undergo strong artificial selection based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Through genome synteny and phylogenetic analysis, these TaNACs were classified into 88 groups and 9 clusters. The biased expression results of these TaNACs showed that there are 24 groups and 67 groups of neofunctionalization genes under biotic and abiotic stress, respectively, and 16 groups and 59 groups of subfunctionalization genes. This shows that neofunctionalization plays an important role in coping with different stresses. Our study provides new insights into the evolution of NAC transcription factors in hexaploid wheat.

https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/2/382/pdf

Evolutionary Divergence and Biased Expression of NAC Transcription Factors in Hexaploid Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

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Evolutionary Divergence and Biased Expression of NAC Transcription Factors in Hexaploid Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)