The use of biomedical metallic materials in research and clinical applications has been an important focus and a significant area of interest, primarily owing to their role in enhancing human health and extending human lifespan. This article, particularly on titanium-based alloys, explores exceptional properties that can address bone health issues amid the growing challenges posed by aging population. Although stainless steel, magnesium-based alloys, cobalt-based alloys, and other metallic materials are commonly employed in medical applications, limitations such as toxic elements, high elastic modulus, and rapid degradation rates limit their widespread biomedical applications. Therefore, titanium-based alloys have emerged as top-performing materials, gradually replacing their counterparts in various applications. This article extensively examines and highlights titanium-based alloys, along with an in-depth discussion of currently utilized metallic biomedical materials and their inherent limitations. To begin with, the essential requirements for load-bearing biomaterials are introduced. Then, the biomedical metallic materials are summarized and compared. Afterward, the microstructure, properties, and preparations of titanium-based alloys are explored. Furthermore, various surface modification methods are discussed to enhance biocompatibility, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Finally, the article proposes the development path for titanium-based alloys in conjunction with additive manufacturing and the novel alloy nitinol. 

Towards load-bearing biomedical titanium-based alloys: From essential requirements to future developments

Particle morphology control of metal powder with various experimental conditions using ball milling

Powder particles with spherical geometries have been found to result in better powder performance in different industries, especially Additive Manufacturing (AM), by fabricating more dense powder layers that consequently result in more desirable part properties with less defects. Plasma spheroidization process has shown an excellent capability in enhancing particle geometries of powders from a variety of materials, particle size distributions, and arbitrary initial particle geometries. The current review paper summarizes the previous conducted work on plasma spheroidization process to determine the effect of its process parameters on powder characteristics. The spheroidization process parameters, including powder feed rate, central, carrier, and sheath gas flow rates, gas mixtures, power, and chamber pressure are individually discussed. Also, the impact of these process parameters on powder characteristics, such as particle size distribution, particle trajectories, chemical impurity, microstructure, porosity, flowability, and densities are reviewed. A tradeoff among process parameters, spheroidization ratio, and evaporation rate was observed. Depending on particle size and material melting point, increasing particle residence time in exposure to plasma first increased and then decreased the spheroidization ratio overall. 

A review on ICP powder plasma spheroidization process parameters

To reduce mass loss and improve spheroidization efficiency during the spheroidization process, a granulated molybdenum powder was spheroidized by radio frequency induction plasma. The influences of plasma power and addition of hydrogen in the sheath gas on spheroidization were investigated. Results show that spheroidization is improved with the increase of plasma power. The best spheroidization can be achieved when the plasma power is 43 kW. Spheroidization percentage, Hall flow time and apparent density of powders spheroidized at 43 kW are 99.8%, 12.5 s/50 g and 5.52 g/cm3, respectively. The addition of hydrogen in the sheath gas can also improve spheroidization. Moreover, investigation of typical morphologies during spheroidization of the individual granulates indicates that the spheroidization process is a combination of melting, sintering and solidification.

Spheroidization of a granulated molybdenum powder by radio frequency inductively coupled plasma

This study describes for the first time the development of a silk powder-based 3D printing formulation that is compatible with Binder Jetting, a commercial additive manufacturing (AM) technique. The dynamic and bulk properties of the precursor powder were measured, including particle sizing, shape, flow energy, and compressibility, and the relationships between these properties, particle flow and printability were investigated. We used two different types of silk powder, super fine silk powder (SFSP) with an average particle size of 5 µm and fine silk powder (FSP), average particle size of 20 µm, and found that FSP provided good flow, spreadability and printability with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) used as the solid binder. An optimized SP/PVA powder formulation was developed and successfully printed into intricate structures with a resolution as high as 200 µm. The printed green samples were analysed thoroughly to determine the printing performance, resolution, porosity, and mechanical strength. The compressive modulus of the printed SP/PVA parts reached 3 MPa, which was comparable to that of some ceramic printed parts. An effective infusing and immersion post-crosslinking method was developed and found to enhance the water stability of the printed constructs, making the printed parts suitable for potential load-bearing biomedical applications.

3D printing of silk powder by Binder Jetting technique

Study on the flow properties of Ti-6Al-4V powders prepared by radio-frequency plasma spheroidization

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Study on the flow properties of Ti-6Al-4V powders prepared by radio-frequency plasma spheroidization