Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles derived from candle soot.

Airborne particulate matter is a diverse pollutant class whose excessive presence in indoor air contributes to an array of adverse health and material-damage effects. Particles are classified according to their diameter into three size modes: ultrafine (? 0.1 µm), accumulation (0.1-2 µm), and coarse (? 2 µm). These modes have largely distinct sources and composition, and they exhibit different dynamic behaviors. The concept of mass conservation or material balance provides a foundation for quantitative and mechanistically linking important outcome variables, such as concentrations and exposures, to the influencing input parameters. The factors governing indoor particle concentrations include direct emissions from indoor sources, ventilation supply from outdoor air, filtration, deposition onto indoor surfaces, and removal from indoor air by means of ventilation. In some circumstances, transport and transformation processes within indoor environments may also play an important role in influencing particle concentrations and consequences. Such processes include mixing, interzonal transport, resuspension, coagulation, and phase change.

/pdf/indoor-particle-dynamics-4p3x25p93s.pdf

Indoor particle dynamics

Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission: A numerical study.

Combustion sources of particles. 1. Health relevance and source signatures.

Early studies of atmospheric electricity suggested that the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere should be sufficient to dissipate the charge on the surface of the earth in a matter of minutes. Efforts to understand how substantial electric fields could be maintained globally in spite of the high dissipation rates were propelled into the forefront of physics research at the turn of the century when it was observed that the newly discovered X-rays produced ions that behaved much like those in the atmosphere. Many of the approaches that are now employed in electrical measurements of aerosols were first conceived during the first three decades of this century. Initially the focus was on gas ions, but they were found to consist of charged clusters of water molecules that exhibited a number of distinct mobilities that were substantially lower than those that resulted after long efforts to dry the gas. The coaxial condenser mobility analyzer, introduced by McClelland in 1898 and enhanced by Zeleny...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786829808965530

History of Electrical Aerosol Measurements

An aerosol conditioner (wetted wall reactor) was modified to mimic the conditions inside the human respiratory tract, i.e., relative humidity > 99% and 37°C. By combining the wetted wall reactory with tandem differential mobility analyzer, a system was developed to study the hygroscopic properties of aerosols in submicrometer range. This paper describes the system, and the results of system tests using three compounds of known composition, NaCl, (NH4)2SO4, and (NH4)HSO4, are presented.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786829208959557

A System to Measure the Hygroscopicity of Aerosol Particles

Hygroscopicity of consumer spray product aerosol particles

Cigarette smoke, incense smoke, natural gas flames, propane fuel flames, and candle flames are contributors of indoor aerosol particles. To provide a quantitative basis for the modeling of inhaled aerosol deposition pattern, the hygroscopic growth of particles from these five sources as well as the source size distributions were measured. Because the experiments were performed on the bases of particles of single size, it provided not only the averaged particle's hygroscopic growth of each source, but also the detailed size change for particles of different sizes within the whole size spectrum. The source particle size distribution measurements found that cigarette smoke and incense smoke contained particles in the size range of 100–700 nm, while the natural gas, propane, and candle flames generated particles between 10 and 100 nm. The hygroscopic growth experiments showed that these combustion aerosol particles could grow 10% to 120%, depending on the particle sizes and origins

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786829308959638

Initial size distributions and hygroscopicity of indoor combustion aerosol particles

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A System to Measure the Hygroscopicity of Aerosol Particles

Hygroscopicity of consumer spray product aerosol particles

Initial size distributions and hygroscopicity of indoor combustion aerosol particles