Connected vehicle means providing different services, such as advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) from vehicles connected to the network. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) can support vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications to realize connected vehicle. In VANETs, secure communication must be ensured, as otherwise it can lead to traffic accidents and human injuries. Recently, many studies on V2I authentication have been conducted to guarantee the security of V2I communications. However, recent V2I authentication protocols do not consider the handover situation, and it causes unnecessary computations. As vehicles have limited computing resources, unnecessary computation can lead to overload to the vehicles. In recent years, blockchain-based VANET is an active field of research because it can provide decentralization, data integrity and transparency. Using the strength of the blockchain technology, we design a blockchain-based handover authentication protocol for VANETs. In the proposed protocol, vehicles only perform lightweight computations in handover situations for efficiency of the network. We also conduct the formal analysis such as Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN) logic, Real-Or-Random (ROR) oracle model, and Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) simulation to the proposed protocol. We simulate the proposed protocol using network simulator 3 (NS-3) to verify that the proposed protocol is practical. Finally, we compare the computational cost and security features of the proposed protocol with existing protocols to show that the proposed protocol is more secure and efficient.

Design of Blockchain-Based Lightweight V2I Handover Authentication Protocol for VANET

The Internet of Things (IoT) revitalizes the world with tremendous capabilities and potential to be utilized in vehicular networks. The Smart Transport Infrastructure (STI) era depends mainly on the IoT. Advanced machine learning (ML) techniques are being used to strengthen the STI smartness further. However, some decisions are very challenging due to the vast number of STI components and big data generated from STIs. Computation cost, communication overheads, and privacy issues are significant concerns for wide-scale ML adoption within STI. These issues can be addressed using Federated Learning (FL) and blockchain. FL can be used to address the issues of privacy preservation and handling big data generated in STI management and control. Blockchain is a distributed ledger that can store data while providing trust and integrity assurance. Blockchain can be a solution to data integrity and can add more security to the STI. This survey initially explores the vehicular network and STI in detail and sheds light on the blockchain and FL with real-world implementations. Then, FL and blockchain applications in the Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) environment from security and privacy perspectives are discussed in detail. In the end, the paper focuses on the current research challenges and future research directions related to integrating FL and blockchain for vehicular networks.

/pdf/integration-of-blockchain-technology-and-federated-learning-4d2x72cp.pdf

Integration of Blockchain Technology and Federated Learning in Vehicular (IoT) Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

The use of Blockchain technology has recently become widespread. It has emerged as an essential tool in various academic and industrial fields, such as healthcare, transportation, finance, cybersecurity, and supply chain management. It is regarded as a decentralized, trustworthy, secure, transparent, and immutable solution that innovates data sharing and management. This survey aims to provide a systematic review of Blockchain application to intelligent transportation systems in general and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in particular. The survey is divided into four main parts. First, the Blockchain technology including its opportunities, relative taxonomies, and applications is introduced; basic cryptography is also discussed. Next, the evolution of Blockchain is presented, starting from the primary phase of pre-Bitcoin (fundamentally characterized by classic cryptography systems), followed by the Blockchain 1.0 phase, (characterized by Bitcoin implementation and common consensus protocols), and finally, the Blockchain 2.0 phase (characterized by the implementation of smart contracts, Ethereum, and Hyperledger). We compared and identified the strengths and limitations of each of these implementations. Then, the state of the art of Blockchain-based IoV solutions (BIoV) is explored by referring to a large and trusted source database from the Scopus data bank. For a well-structured and clear discussion, the reviewed literature is classified according to the research direction and implemented IoV layer. Useful tables, statistics, and analysis are also presented. Finally, the open problems and future directions in BIoV research are summarized. 

Blockchain Technology for Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) has been gaining importance due to the fast growing technology as well as its requirements in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and vehicular social network (VSN). VANET facilitates vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication and improves the ride quality with value added services. The number of connected vehicles is expected to grow to a huge number with enormous exchange of safety and non-safety messages which are susceptible to security and privacy threat. To ensure secured communication, VANET must implement an authentication protocol to resist the attack and preserve the privacy. In this paper, a detailed discussion on the taxonomy for authentication schemes in VANET has been presented. The authentication schemes have been compared with security, privacy and scalability requirement. The use of recent technologies such as 5G, 5G-SDN, and Blockchain to design authentication schemes with low cost, and low communication, computational overhead has been discussed. Finally, the paper concludes with open challenges in VANET authentication. This paper is expected to open new avenues for researchers working in the domain of VANETs.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-of-authentication-schemes-in-4sgtyodq12.pdf

A Comprehensive Review of Authentication Schemes in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

With the rapid development of Internet of Vehicles (IoV), vehicle-based spatial crowdsourcing (SC) applications have been proposed and widely applied to various fields. However, location privacy leakage is a serious issue in spatial crowdsourcing because workers who participate in a crowdsourcing task are required to upload their driving locations. In this paper, we propose a decentralized location privacy-preserving SC for IoV, which allows vehicle users to securely participate in SC with ensuring the task’s location policy privacy and providing multi-level privacy preservation for workers’ locations. Specifically, we introduce blockchain technology into SC, which can eliminate the control of vehicle user data by SC-server. We combine the additively homomorphic encryption and circle-based location verification to ensure the confidentiality of task’s location policy. To achieve multi-level privacy preservation for workers’ driving locations, we only reveal a grid where workers are located in. The size of the grid represents the level of privacy preservation. We leverage the order-preserving encryption and non-interactive zero-knowledge proof to prevent workers from illegally obtaining rewards by forging their driving locations. The security analysis results show that our framework can satisfy the above requirements. In addition, the experiment results demonstrate that our framework is efficient and feasible in practice.

A Decentralized Location Privacy-Preserving Spatial Crowdsourcing for Internet of Vehicles

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has been considered as one of the most prominent technologies for improving the efficiency and safety of modern transportation systems. However, VANET will present a unique range of challenges and opportunities for security. In particular, key management, as the footstone to build a practical security framework in VANET, becomes a research hotspot. In this paper, we investigate key management based on blockchain for VANET. We first propose an efficient decentralized key management mechanism for VANET with blockchain (DB-KMM) to automatically realize the registration, update and revocation of user's public key. At the same time, we present a lightweight mutual authentication and key agreement protocol based on the bivariate polynomial. Then, we analyze the security of DB-KMM in the universally composable framework and show that the mechanism can prevent the typical attacks including internal attacks, DoS attacks, public key tampering attacks and collusion attacks. Finally, we analyze the performance of the proposed scheme through experiments and simulation. Experiment results show that DB-KMM has better performance than the existing schemes in terms of communication, storage, computation overhead and latency.

An Efficient Decentralized Key Management Mechanism for VANET with Blockchain

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An Efficient Decentralized Key Management Mechanism for VANET with Blockchain