J.P. Cravens, K. Abe, T. Iida, K. Ishihara, J. Kameda, Y. Koshio, A. Minamino, C. Mitsuda, M. Miura, S. Moriyama, M. Nakahata, S. Nakayama, Y. Obayashi, H. Ogawa, H. Sekiya, M. Shiozawa, Y. Suzuki, A. Takeda, Y. Takeuchi, K. Ueshima, H. Watanabe, S. Yamada, I. Higuchi, C. Ishihara, M. Ishitsuka, T. Kajita, K. Kaneyuki, G. Mitsuka, H. Nishino, K. Okumura, C. Saji, Y. Takenaga, S. Clark, S. Desai, F. Dufour, E. Kearns, S. Likhoded, M. Litos, J.L. Raaf, J.L. Stone, L.R. Sulak, W. Wang, M. Goldhaber, D. Casper, J. Dunmore, W.R. Kropp, D.W. Liu, S. Mine, C. Regis, M.B. Smy, H.W. Sobel, M.R. Vagins, K.S. Ganezer, J. Hill, W.E. Keig, J.S. Jang, J.Y. Kim, I.T. Lim, M. Fechner, K. Scholberg, N. Tanimoto, C.W. Walter, R. Wendell, R.W. Ellsworth, S. Tasaka, G. Guillian, J.G. Learned, S. Matsuno, M.D. Messier, Y. Watanabe, Y. Hayato, A. K. Ichikawa, T. Ishida, T. Ishii, T. Iwashita, T. Kobayashi, T. Nakadaira, K. Nakamura, K. Nitta, Y. Oyama, Y. Totsuka, A.T. Suzuki, M. Hasegawa, K. Hiraide, I. Kato, H. Maesaka, T. Nakaya, K. Nishikawa, T. Sasaki, H. Sato, S. Yamamoto, M. Yokoyama, T.J. Haines, S. Dazeley, S. Hatakeyama, R. Svoboda, G.W. Sullivan, D. Turcan, A. Habig, Y. Fukuda, T. Sato, Y. Itow, T. Koike, T. Tanaka, C.K. Jung, T. Kato, K. Kobayashi, M. Malek, C. McGrew, A. Sarrat, R. Terri, C. Yanagisawa, N. Tamura, Y. Idehara, M. Ikeda, M. Sakuda, M. Sugihara, Y. Kuno, M. Yoshida, S.B. Kim, B.S. Yang, J. Yoo, T. Ishizuka, H. Okazawa, Y. Choi, H.K. Seo, Y. Gando, T. Hasegawa, K. Inoue, Y. Furuse, H. Ishii, K. Nishijima, H. Ishino, M. Koshiba, S. Chen, Z. Deng, Y. Liu, D. Kielczewska, H. Berns, R. Gran, K.K. Shiraishi, A. Stachyra, E. Thrane, K. Washburn, R.J. Wilkes

/pdf/solar-neutrino-measurements-in-super-kamiokande-iv-512tb2exrf.pdf

Solar Neutrino Measurements in Super-Kamiokande-IV

In the last two decades the search for neutrinoless double beta decay has evolved into one of the highest priorities for understanding neutrinos and the origin of mass. The main reason for this paradigm shift has been the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which clearly established the existence of massive neutrinos. An additional motivation for conducting such searches comes from the existence of an unconfirmed, but not refuted, claim of evidence for neutrinoless double decay in 76Ge. As a consequence, a new generation of experiments, employing different detection techniques and ββ isotopes, is being actively promoted by experimental groups across the world. In addition, nuclear theorists are making remarkable progress in the calculation of the neutrinoless double beta decay nuclear matrix elements, thus eliminating a substantial part of the theoretical uncertainties affecting the particle physics interpretation of this process. In this report, we review the main aspects of the double beta decay process and some of the most relevant experiments. The picture that emerges is one where searching for neutrinoless double beta decay is recognized to have both far-reaching theoretical implications and promising prospects for experimental observation in the near future.

/pdf/the-search-for-neutrinoless-double-beta-decay-5zodp87bfz.pdf

The Search for neutrinoless double beta decay

Abstract The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for weakly interacting massive particles, while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector. 

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6471/ac841a/pdf

A next-generation liquid xenon observatory for dark matter and neutrino physics

We report a novel search for the cosmic-ray boosted dark matter using the 100 tonne·day full dataset of the PandaX-II detector located at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory. With the extra energy gained from the cosmic rays, sub-GeV dark matter particles can produce visible recoil signals in the detector. The diurnal modulations in rate and energy spectrum are utilized to further enhance the signal sensitivity. Our result excludes the dark matter–nucleon elastic scattering cross section between 10−31 and 10−28 cm2 for dark matter masses from 0.1 MeV/c2 to 0.1 GeV/c2, with a large parameter space previously unexplored by experimental collaborations.Received 30 December 2021Revised 4 April 2022Accepted 8 April 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.171801Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasCosmic rays & astroparticlesParticle dark matterPhysical SystemsWeakly interacting massive particlesParticles & Fields 

/pdf/search-for-cosmic-ray-boosted-sub-gev-dark-matter-at-the-lvgblugv.pdf

Search for Cosmic-Ray Boosted Sub-GeV Dark Matter at the PandaX-II Experiment

We report on a search for electron antineutrinos ($\bar{\nu}_e$) from astrophysical sources in the neutrino energy range 8.3 to 30.8 MeV with the KamLAND detector. In an exposure of 6.72 kton-year of the liquid scintillator, we observe 18 candidate events via the inverse beta decay reaction. Although there is a large background uncertainty from neutral current atmospheric neutrino interactions, we find no significant excess over background model predictions. Assuming several supernova relic neutrino spectra, we give upper flux limits of 60--110 cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ (90% CL) in the analysis range and present a model-independent flux. We also set limits on the annihilation rates for light dark matter pairs to neutrino pairs. These data improves on the upper probability limit of $^{8}$B solar neutrinos converting into $\bar{\nu}_e$'s, $P_{\nu_e \rightarrow \bar{\nu}_e} < 3.5\times10^{-5}$ (90% CL) assuming an undistorted $\bar{\nu}_e$ shape. This corresponds to a solar $\bar{\nu}_e$ flux of 60 cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ (90% CL) in the analysis energy range.

Limits on astrophysical antineutrinos with the KamLAND experiment

China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) is ideal for studying solar, geo-, and supernova neutrinos. A precise measurement of the cosmic-ray background is essential in proceeding with R&D research for these MeV-scale neutrino experiments. Using a 1-ton prototype detector for the Jinping Neutrino Experiment (JNE), we detected 264 high-energy muon events from a 645.2-day dataset from the first phase of CJPL (CJPL-I), reconstructed their directions, and measured the cosmic-ray muon flux to be \begin{document}$(3.53\pm0.22_{\rm{stat.}}\pm0.07_{\rm{sys.}})\times10^{-10}$\end{document} cm \begin{document}$^{-2}$\end{document} s \begin{document}$^{-1}$\end{document} . The observed angular distributions indicate the leakage of cosmic-ray muon background and agree with simulation data accounting for Jinping mountain's terrain. A survey of muon fluxes at different laboratory locations, considering both those situated under mountains and those down mine shafts, indicates that the flux at the former is generally a factor of \begin{document}$(4\pm2)$\end{document} larger than at the latter, with the same vertical overburden. This study provides a convenient back-of-the-envelope estimation for the muon flux of an underground experiment.

Muon flux measurement at China Jinping Underground Laboratory

China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) is ideal for studying solar-, geo-, and supernova neutrinos. A precise measurement of the cosmic-ray background would play an essential role in proceeding with the R\&D research for these MeV-scale neutrino experiments. Using a 1-ton prototype detector for the Jinping Neutrino Experiment (JNE), we detected 264 high-energy muon events from a 645.2-day dataset at the first phase of CJPL (CJPL-I), reconstructed their directions, and measured the cosmic-ray muon flux to be $(3.53\pm0.22_{\text{stat.}}\pm0.07_{\text{sys.}})\times10^{-10}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. The observed angular distributions indicate the leakage of cosmic-ray muon background and agree with the simulation accounting for Jinping mountain's terrain. A survey of muon fluxes at different laboratory locations situated under mountains and below mine shaft indicated that the former is generally a factor of $(4\pm2)$ larger than the latter with the same vertical overburden. This study provides a convenient back-of-the-envelope estimation for muon flux of an underground experiment.

Muon Flux Measurement at China Jinping Underground Laboratory

Solar-, geo-, and supernova neutrino experiments are subject to muon-induced radioactive background. China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL), with its unique advantage of 2400 m rock coverage and distance from nuclear power plants, is ideal for MeV-scale neutrino experiments. Using a 1-ton prototype detector of the Jinping Neutrino Experiment (JNE), we detected 343 high-energy cosmic-ray muons and (6.24$ \pm $3.66) muon-induced neutrons from an 820.28-day dataset at the first phase of CJPL (CJPL-I). Based on the muon induced neutrons, we measured the corresponding neutron yield in liquid scintillator to be $(3.13 \pm 1.84_{\rm stat.}\pm 0.70_{\rm syst.})\times 10^{-4}\mu ^{-1}\rm g^{-1}cm^{2}$ at an average muon energy of 340 GeV. This study provides the first measurement for this kind of neutron background at CJPL. A global fit including this measurement shows a power-law coefficient of (0.75$ \pm $0.02) for the dependence of the neutron yield at liquid scintillator on muon energy.

Measurement of Muon-induced Neutron Production at China Jinping Underground Laboratory

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Muon flux measurement at China Jinping Underground Laboratory

Muon Flux Measurement at China Jinping Underground Laboratory

Measurement of Muon-induced Neutron Production at China Jinping Underground Laboratory