In this paper, the recent developments and the characteristics of membrane separators for lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. In recent years, there have been intensive efforts to develop advanced battery separators for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for different applications such as portable electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage for power grids. The separator is a critical component of lithium-ion batteries since it provides a physical barrier between the positive and negative electrodes in order to prevent electrical short circuits. The separator also serves as the electrolyte reservoir for the transport of ions during the charging and discharging cycles of a battery. The performance of lithium-ion batteries is greatly affected by the materials and structure of the separators. This paper introduces the requirements of battery separators and the structure and properties of five important types of membrane separators which are microporous membranes, modified microporous membranes, non-woven mats, composite membranes and electrolyte membranes. Each separator type has inherent advantages and disadvantages which influence the performance of lithium-ion batteries. The structures, characteristics, manufacturing, modification, and performance of separators are described in this review paper. The outlook and future directions in this research field are also given.

A review of recent developments in membrane separators for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

Ceramic and polymeric solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have aroused wide interest in lithium batteries because of their sufficient mechanical properties, superior safety performances, and excellent processability. However, ionic conductivity and high-voltage compatibility of SPEs are still yet to meet the requirement of future energy-storage systems, representing significant barriers to progress. In this regard, intermolecular interactions in SPEs have attracted attention, and they can significantly impact on the Li+ motion and frontier orbital energy level of SPEs. Recent advances in improving electrochemcial performance of SPEs are reviewed, and the underlying mechanism of these proposed strategies related to intermolecular interaction is discussed, including ion-dipole, hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking, and Lewis acid-base interactions. It is hoped that this review can inspire a deeper consideration on this critical issue, which can pave new pathway to improve ionic conductivity and high-voltage performance of SPEs.

Intermolecular Chemistry in Solid Polymer Electrolytes for High-Energy-Density Lithium Batteries.

Recent progress in fluoropolymers for membranes

Electrospinning materials for energy-related applications and devices

The ionic conductivity and mechanical property of electrospun P(VdF-HFP)/PMMA membranes for lithium ion batteries

Poly(vinylidene difluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VDF-HFP)] membranes as separators for lithium-ion batteries were prepared from electrospinning. The morphological evolution of the separators at various temperatures were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) equipped with a hot stage. We found the swollen effect of electrolytes on the P(VDF-HFP) phase through in situ observation. The electrochemical measurements results showed the ionic conductivity increased gradually with the increase of temperature. To evaluate the mechanical properties of the P(VDF-HFP) membranes at various temperatures, the tensile curves of the separators were also investigated.

The morphological evolution, mechanical properties and ionic conductivities of electrospinning P(VDF-HFP) membranes at various temperatures

Correlating 3D printing performance with sol-gel transition based on thermo-responsive k-carrageenan affected by fructose

Role of the supports during phosphorus poisoning of diesel oxidation catalysts

With the aim to explore the effect of acidic properties of zeolites in tandem catalysts on their performance for CO2 hydrogenation, two types of SSZ-13 zeolites with similar bulk composition, but different arrangements of framework Al, were prepared. Their morphology, pore structure, distribution of framework Al, surface acid strength and density, were explored. The results showed that SSZ-13 zeolites with isolated aluminum distribution could be successfully synthesized, however, they contained structural defects. During calcination, the framework underwent dealumination, resulting in weaker Brønsted acidity and lower crystallinity. The morphologies were, however, well preserved. Compared with the SSZ-13 zeolites, synthesized conventionally, these low acidity SSZ-13 zeolites with isolated aluminum were good zeolite components in bifunctional catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins. By combining with In2O3, they exhibited better catalytic performance for light olefin production during CO2 hydrogenation at low temperatures. Na+ cation exchange was used to adjust the Brønsted acid site (BAS) density with only minor changes to the cavity structure. Comparative experiments established that the BAS density of the zeolite, rather than the framework Al distribution (BAS distribution), overwhelmingly affected catalyst stability and product selectivity. A higher acid density reduced the selectivity for light olefins, while lower acid density tended to form inert coke species leading to rapid deactivation. The ideal amount of BAS density in the bifunctional catalyst was approximately 0.25 mmol/g, which exhibited 70% selectivity for light olefins among hydrocarbons, and 74% selectivity for CO without deactivation, after 12 h reaction at 325 ℃ and 10 bar. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102512

CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins using In2O3 and SSZ-13 catalyst − Understanding the role of zeolite acidity in olefin production

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