Synergistic elimination of chromium (VI) and copper (II) in simulated industry wastewater using nitrogen-rich magnetic porous biochar: Electrostatic shielding and cation bridge effect

Waste materials have emerged as attractive low-cost feedstocks for adsorbent development in environmental remediation and materials engineering. Organic wastes are particularly rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin, which provide reactive oxygenated groups such as hydroxyls and carboxyls. While inorganic wastes offer stability, lower water retention makes them promising candidates. This study explores the functionalization of waste-derived organic and inorganic matrices using two amine-based agents: 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) and polyethylenimine (PEI). The materials were categorized as organic (orange peel, corn cob) or inorganic (silica gel, eggshell) and subjected to a pretreatment process involving drying, grinding, and sieving; inorganic substrates additionally underwent acid activation with citric acid. Surface modification was carried out in ethanolic (APTMS) or aqueous (PEI) media. To assess their suitability and processability as particulate sorbents, drying kinetics, physicochemical properties (FTIR, ζ-potential, pH, conductivity, Boehm titration), and flow characteristics (Carr and Hausner indices) were evaluated. The findings enable a comparative analysis of the functionalization efficiency and elucidate the relationship between substrate type (organic vs. inorganic) and its performance as a modified adsorbent. This approach advances the development of novel sorbent matrices for greenhouse gas mitigation while reinforcing circular economy principles through the valorization of low-cost, readily available waste materials. 

Assessment of Organic and Inorganic Waste Suitability for Functionalization with Aminosilanes: A Comparative Study of APTMS and PEI

Leatherleaf fern (&lt;em&gt;Rumohra adiantiformis&lt;/em&gt;) is a famous ornamental-leaf plant that has been used by florist entrepreneurs around the world. It is one of the leading export commodities in Indonesia, however, currently, there are some diseases of this leaf reported in the field causing yield loss and reducing the economic value. This study aimed to identify the pathogens causing the recent 3 significant diseases of leatherleaf fern, including leaf blight, leaf tip rot, and post-harvest leaf rot, and &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; analysis of beneficial bacteria, &lt;em&gt;Bacillus velezensis &lt;/em&gt;B-27, against the pathogens&lt;em&gt;. &lt;/em&gt;The methods used in this study were isolation, pathogenicity test, morphological observation, molecular identification of pathogens, and poisoned food technique of &lt;em&gt;B. velezensis &lt;/em&gt;against those pathogens compared to fungicides and bactericides. The results of molecular identification showed that &lt;em&gt;Neopestalotiopsis &lt;/em&gt;sp. and &lt;em&gt;Pantoea ananatis &lt;/em&gt;caused leaf blight, &lt;em&gt;Fusarium oxysporum&lt;/em&gt; f. sp. &lt;em&gt;sesami&lt;/em&gt; triggered leaf tip rot, while &lt;em&gt;Calonectria &lt;/em&gt;sp. and &lt;em&gt;P. ananatis &lt;/em&gt;contributed to post-harvest leaf rot. Based on &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; analysis, &lt;em&gt;B. velezensis&lt;/em&gt; B-27 reduced the growth of the &lt;em&gt;Neopestalotiopsis&lt;/em&gt; sp. DM C with the highest inhibition of 95.6%, &lt;em&gt;Neopestalotiopsis &lt;/em&gt;sp. DM B with 84.3%, &lt;em&gt;F. oxysporum &lt;/em&gt;f. sp. &lt;em&gt;sesami&lt;/em&gt; with 61.9%, &lt;em&gt;Calonectria&lt;/em&gt; sp. with 93.4%, and inhibited the growth of &lt;em&gt;P. ananatis &lt;/em&gt;by producing a clear zone. This research concludes that &lt;em&gt;B. velezensis &lt;/em&gt;B-27 has the potential as a biocontrol against pathogens causing significant diseases in leatherleaf ferns due to its ability to inhibit pathogens and its advantage as a beneficial microbe that is environmentally friendly to support sustainable agriculture. 

Identification of Pathogens Causing Important Diseases in Leatherleaf Fern (Rumohra adiantiformis) and In Vitro Inhibition using Bacillus velezensis B-27

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) may be infected with Apiospora, which can produce the toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) during improper transportation and storage. The consumption of sugarcane that contains 3-NPA can lead to food poisoning. Therefore, this study sought to explore a novel biocontrol agent to prevent and control Apiospora mold. Bacteria were isolated from the soil of healthy sugarcane and identified as Bacillus velezensis T9 through colony morphological, physiological and biochemical characterization and molecular identification. The inhibitory effect of B. velezensis T9 on Apiospora mold on sugarcane was analyzed. Assays of the cell suspension of strain T9 and its cell-free supernatant showed that T9 had significant in vitro antifungal activities against Apiospora arundinis and thus, would be a likely antagonist. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that treatment with T9 significantly distorted the A. arundinis mycelia, perforated the membrane, contracted the vesicles, and decomposed most organelles into irregular fragments. A re-isolation experiment demonstrates the ability of T9 to colonize the sugarcane stems and survive in them. This strain can produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are remarkably strong inhibitors, and it can also form biofilms. Additionally, the cell-free supernatant significantly reduced the ability of A. arundinis to produce 3-NPA and completely inhibited its production at 10%. Therefore, strain T9 is effective at controlling A. arundinis and has the potential for further development as a fungal prevention agent for agricultural products.

Biocontrol ability of Bacillus velezensis T9 against Apiospora arundinis causing Apiospora mold on sugarcane

Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles-Modified Biochar For Efficient Adsorption of Cd(II) From Aqueous Solution

AIMS
This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of tannic acid (TA) on the growth of Apiospora arundinis and 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) production.


METHODS AND RESULTS
To investigate the antifungal mechanism, the effects of TA on the hypha growth, electrical conductivity, hypha morphology, defence-related enzymes and 3-NPA production of A. arundinis were studied. TA concentrations of 640 and 1280 μg⋅mL-1 exhibited strong antifungal activity against A. arundinis. The results of SEM and TEM showed that the hypha of the A. arundinis was severely deformed after TA treatment, and the cell membrane was blurred and thin, vacuoles were obviously shrunken and smaller, and most of the organelles were decomposed into irregular fragments. The increased of electrical conductivity and MDA content indicated that TA caused peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and damaged the structure of the cell membrane. The decrease of intracellular ATP and SDH content indicated that TA damaged the function of mitochondria, participated in the inhibition of respiratory metabolism. In addition, TA significantly reduced 3-NPA production, and completely inhibited 3-NPA production at 640 and 1280 μg⋅mL-1.


CONCLUSION
TA effectively inhibited both growth of A. arundinis in vitro and 3-NPA production.

Inhibitory effect of tannic acid on the growth of Apiospora arundinis and 3-Nitropropionic acid production.

In this study, a new biosorbent was prepared from sugarcane bagasse and polyethylenimine (MSCP). The effects of preparation parameters, including the polyethylenimine (PEI) concentration, the glutaraldehyde concentration, the reaction temperature, and ball milling time on the adsorption property of MSCP were studied. The optimum preparation conditions were as follows: the PEI concentration was 20%, the glutaraldehyde concentration was 2.0%, the reaction temperature was 318.15 K, and the ball milling time was 20 min. Under the optimum preparation conditions, the removal efficiency of Cu 2+ by MSCP was reached 93.3%. The physical and chemical properties of MSCP were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and elemental analysis. The SEM micrographs revealed that surface morphol- ogy of MSCP was rough, with many irregular folds and small particles. The FTIR and elemental analysis results indicated PEI was successfully grafted to the surface of sugarcane bagasse cellulose (SC) with glutaraldehyde as a bridge and the adsorption mechanism of heavy metals by MSCP can be regarded as the complexation between heavy metals and –NH 2 groups of MSCP. Langmuir model showed the best fitting to the isotherm equilibrium data, the maximum adsorption capacities for Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ were 114.02, 165.56 and 95.79 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption experimental data were fitted well by pseudo-second-order. In multi-solute system, the competitive adsorption ability of heavy metals by MSCP followed the order of Pb 2+ > Cu 2+ > Zn 2+ .

/pdf/synthesis-of-polyethylenimine-modified-sugarcane-bagasse-1b588bax.pdf

Synthesis of polyethylenimine modified sugarcane bagasse cellulose and its competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions

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Papers

Biocontrol ability of Bacillus velezensis T9 against Apiospora arundinis causing Apiospora mold on sugarcane

Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles-Modified Biochar For Efficient Adsorption of Cd(II) From Aqueous Solution

Inhibitory effect of tannic acid on the growth of Apiospora arundinis and 3-Nitropropionic acid production.

Synthesis of polyethylenimine modified sugarcane bagasse cellulose and its competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions