Technologies and applications

The quality of experience (QoE) of 3D contents is usually considered to be the combination of the perceived visual quality, the perceived depth quality, and lastly the visual fatigue and comfort. When either fatigue or discomfort are induced, studies tend to show that observers prefer to experience a 2D version of the contents. For this reason, providing a comfortable experience is a prerequisite for observers to actually consider the depth effect as a visualization improvement. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive review on visual fatigue and discomfort induced by the visualization of 3D stereoscopic contents, in the light of physiological and psychological processes enabling depth perception. First, we review the multitude of manifestations of visual fatigue and discomfort (near triad disorders, symptoms for discomfort), as well as means for detection and evaluation. We then discuss how, in 3D displays, ocular and cognitive conflicts with real world experience may cause fatigue and discomfort; these includes the accommodation–vergence conflict, the inadequacy between presented stimuli and observers depth of focus, and the cognitive integration of conflicting depth cues. We also discuss some limits for stereopsis that constrain our ability to perceive depth, and in particular the perception of planar and in-depth motion, the limited fusion range, and various stereopsis disorders. Finally, this paper discusses how the different aspects of fatigue and discomfort apply to 3D technologies and contents. We notably highlight the need for respecting a comfort zone and avoiding camera and rendering artifacts. We also discuss the influence of visual attention, exposure duration, and training. Conclusions provide guidance for best practices and future research.

/pdf/how-visual-fatigue-and-discomfort-impact-3d-tv-quality-of-2z0iau931e.pdf

How visual fatigue and discomfort impact 3D-TV quality of experience: a comprehensive review of technological, psychophysical, and psychological factors

Three-dimensional (3D) video is gaining a strong momentum both in the cinema and broadcasting industries as it is seen as a technology that will extensively enhance the user's visual experience. One of the major concerns for the wide adoption of such technology is the ability to provide sufficient visual quality, especially if 3D video is to be transmitted over a limited bandwidth for home viewing (i.e. 3DTV). Means to measure perceptual video quality in an accurate and practical way is therefore of highest importance for content providers, service providers, and display manufacturers. This paper discusses recent advances in video quality assessment and the challenges foreseen for 3D video. Both subjective and objective aspects are examined. An outline of ongoing efforts in standards-related bodies is also provided.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/66/80/PDF/Quan_2010_video_quality_assessment_from_2d_to_3d.pdf

Video quality assessment: From 2D to 3D — Challenges and future trends

A compressed light field imaging system is described. The light field 3D data is analyzed to determine optimal subset of light field samples to be (acquired) rendered, while the remaining samples are generated using multi-reference depth-image based rendering. The light field is encoded and transmitted to the display. The 3D display directly reconstructs the light field and avoids data expansion that usually occurs in conventional imaging systems. The present invention enables the realization of full parallax 3D compressed imaging system that achieves high compression performance while minimizing memory and computational requirements.

Methods for Full Parallax Compressed Light Field 3D Imaging Systems

Observers' fixations exhibit a marked bias towards certain areas on the screen when viewing scenes on computer monitors. For instance, there exists a well-known "center-bias" which means that fixations are biased towards the center of the screen during the viewing of 2D still images. In the viewing of 3D content, stereoscopic displays enhance depth perception by the mean of binocular parallax. This additional depth cue has a great influence on guiding eye movements. Relatively little is known about the impact of binocular parallax on visual attention of the 3D content displayed on stereoscopic screen. Several studies mentioned that people tend to look preferably at the objects located at certain positions in depth. But studies proving or quantifying this depth-bias are still limited. In this paper, we conducted a binocular eye-tracking experiment by showing synthetic stimuli on a stereoscopic display. Observers were required to do a free-viewing task through passive polarized glasses. Gaze positions of both eyes were recorded and the depth of eyes' fixation was determined. The stimuli used in the experiment were designed in such a way that the center-bias and the depth-bias affect eye movements individually. Results indicate the existence of a depth-bias: objects closer to the viewer attract attention earlier than distant objects, and the number of fixations located on objects varies as a function of objects' depth. The closest object in a scene always attracts most fixations. The fixation distribution along depth also shows a convergent behavior as the viewing time increases.

/pdf/study-of-depth-bias-of-observers-in-free-viewing-of-still-16d4sysevz.pdf

Study of depth bias of observers in free viewing of still stereoscopic synthetic stimuli

In this paper, the new challenges of 3DTV for subjective assessment are discussed Conventional 2D methods have severe limitations which will be revealed Based on the understanding of the new characteristics brought by 3DTV, changes and additions in the requirements for subjective assessment are proposed in order to develop a novel subjective video quality assessment methodology for 3DTV In particular, depth rendering for 3D display is selected to give a further discussion The depth rendering abilities are defined as a combination of the physical parameters and the perceptual constrains We analyze different types of stereoscopic and multiview displays Several problems regarding depth rendering are discussed in order to highlight the diversity and complexity of assessing 3DTV

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00463571/document

New requirements of subjective video quality assessment methodologies for 3dtv

A receiver receives a first data stream and a second data stream from a transmitting device over a packet-based communication network, the first data stream being of a first media type (e.g. audio) and the second data stream being of a second media type (e.g. video). The first jitter buffer will buffer each of a plurality of portions of the first data stream as they are received via the receiver, and apply a de-jittering delay before outputting each portion of the first data stream (e.g. audio stream) to be played out through the receiving device. The jitter buffer controller receives information on the second data stream (e.g. video stream), and adapts the de-jittering delay of the first jitter buffer (e.g. audio jitter buffer) in dependence on the information on the second data stream (e.g. information on the video stream).

Adapting a Jitter Buffer

Stereoscopic-3DTV (S-3DTV) should provide enhanced depth perception to viewer while it might affect other factors of user experience Subjective assessment is the most direct way to assess quality of experience (QoE) However, conventional assessment methods are not sufficient to evaluate the QoE of S-3DTV This thesis aims first to propose new methodologies to evaluate S-3DTV QoE; second, investigate different technical issues related to QoE along the 3DTV broadcasting chain; third, propose recommendations to optimize the S-3DTV QoE For methodological aspects, the key idea relies on using multidimensional QoE indicators Visual fatigue, as a particular dimension of QoE, is addressed separately under optimized viewing conditions using questionnaire, vision test and EEG signals For other QoE indicators, we design subjective QoE experiments to investigate the impact of content acquisition, 3D representation format, compression and transmission on QoE of S-3DTV The experiment results quantitatively reveal how perceived binocular depth, compression distortion, the cooperation between 3D representation formats and line interleaved display, and view asymmetries affect multidimensional QoE of S-3DTV Additionally, we elaborate and validate improved stereoscopic shooting rules, depth budget for visual comfort, appropriate frame compatible format for line interleaved display, bitrate to broadcast S-3DTV, threshold for view asymmetries to avoid visual discomfort

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00785987/document

Multidimensional characterization of quality of experience of stereoscopic 3D TV

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New requirements of subjective video quality assessment methodologies for 3dtv

Adapting a Jitter Buffer

Multidimensional characterization of quality of experience of stereoscopic 3D TV