In this review we have attempted a comprehensive compilation of the cardiac morphologic changes that occur in spontaneous and experimental myocardial diseases of animals. Our coverage addresses diseases of mammals and birds and includes these diseases found in both domesticated and wild animals. A similar review of the myocardial diseases in this broad range of animal species has not been attempted previously. We have summarized and illustrated the gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural alterations for these myocardial diseases; and, whenever possible, we have reviewed their biochemical pathogenesis. We have arranged the myocardial diseases for presentation and discussion according to an etiologic classification with seven categories. These include a group of idiopathic or primary cardiomyopathies recognized in man (hypertrophic, dilated, and restrictive types) and a large group of secondary cardiomyopathies with known causes, such as inherited tendency; nutritional deficiency; toxicity; physical injury and shock; endocrine disorders, and myocarditides of viral, bacterial, and protozoal causation. Considerable overlap exists between each of the etiologic groups in the spectrum of pathologic alterations seen in the myocardium. These include various degenerative changes, myocyte necrosis, and inflammatory lesions. However, some diseases show rather characteristic myocardial alterations such as vacuolar degeneration in anthracycline cardiotoxicity, myofibrillar lysis in furazolidone cardiotoxicity, calcification in calcinosis of mice, glycogen accumulation in the glycogenoses, lipofuscinosis in cattle, fatty degeneration in erucic acid cardiotoxicity, myofiber disarray in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and lymphocytic inflammation with inclusion bodies in canine parvoviral myocarditis. The myocardial diseases represent the largest group in the spectrum of spontaneous cardiac diseases of animals. Pericardial and endocardial diseases and congential cardiac diseases are seen less frequently; and, in contrast to man, coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia are rather infrequent in animals. The present review shows clearly that the spectrum of myocardial diseases in animals is enlarging and that many newly recognized diseases are emerging and assuming considerable importance. For example, various heritable cardiomyopathies have recently been described in the KK mouse, cattle, and rats. Increasingly recognized myocardial diseases include cardiomyopathies in cats, dogs, and birds; anthracycline cardiotoxicity; furazolidone cardiotoxicity; ionophore cardiotoxicity; myocardial damage associated with central nervous system injuries; myocardial hypertrophy in

Myocardial diseases of animals.

Stress, predisposition and the onset of serious disease: implications about psychosomatic etiology.

Background and purpose After myocardial necrosis and fibrosis was observed in five rabbits which had been anesthetized a variable number of times, the potential relationship of these lesions and anesthesia was evaluated in 35 other rabbits Methods Anesthesia was induced by intramuscular administration of ketamine and xylazine followed by infusion of lactated Ringer's solution also containing ketamine and xylazine Group A rabbits (n = 9) were subjected to multiple anesthesias and were evaluated by echocardiography, thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, determination of serum coronavirus titer, vitamin E concentration, and complete necropsy Prior to a single acute procedure followed by necropsy, group B rabbits (n = 11) were evaluated by echocardiography only Group C rabbits (n = 10) had never been anesthetized and were necropsied after euthanasia Group D rabbits (n = 5) had intermediate anesthesia exposure history and were evaluated by echocardiography only Myocardial fibrosis was scored semi-quantitatively on a scale of 0 to 4 Results Canine coronavirus test results were negative; hypovitaminosis E was evident, and fibrosis scores were significantly increased in group A, compared with group B or group C, rabbits Conclusion Etiologic differentials included alpha2-agonist-mediated coronary vasoconstriction with associated myocardial hypoperfusion, hypovitaminosis E and free radical injury, and other anesthetic-induced physiologic trespass

Cardiovascular pathology possibly associated with ketamine/xylazine anesthesia in Dutch belted rabbits.

To establish a well-tolerated technique for recording electrocardiograms (ECGs) and a reference range for the normal pet rabbit ECG, 46 healthy pet rabbits were studied The following reference ranges were calculated Heart rate was 198 to 330 bpm P waves had a duration of 001 to 005 seconds and an amplitude of 004 to 012 mV The P-R interval was 004 to 008 seconds and the duration of the QRS complex was 002 to 006 seconds The amplitude of the R wave was 003 to 039 mV The Q-T interval was 008 to 016 seconds The amplitude of the T wave was 005 to 017 mV Mean electrical axis was found to be -43° to +80° Evidence of variation due to breed or bodyweight was not found to be significant, except for a quadratic relationship between R wave amplitude and bodyweight The ECG recording technique used in this study for pet rabbits was well tolerated and shown to be both reliable and repeatable

Electrocardiography of the normal domestic pet rabbit

Acute, high-intensity stress induces necrotic lesions in the heart. We found that restraint-and-cold (4°C) exposure (RCE) raises plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and transa...

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpregu.00588.2002

Activated epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB1) protects the heart against stress-induced injury in mice.

Rabbits were crowded 4 to a cage for 2 weeks, then released for 1 week, crowded again for 2 weeks, and so on. Of 44 rabbits subjected to intermittent crowding, only 9 survived for longer than 10 months, 20 died during the 1st month, and 15 died between the 2nd and 9th month of the experiment. Histological sections of the myocardium showed myocytolysis, intersititial edema, and an increased amount of acid mucopoly saccharides in rabbits surviving for 2 weeks and more. The accumulations of acid mucopolysaccharides were apparently unrelated to necrotic foci. Long-term survivors frequently showed myocardial fibrosis and endocardial fibroelastosis, as well as basophilic degeneration of myocardial fibers. The lesions observed were similar to those described in idiopathic endomyocardiopathy in Southern Africa. Therefore, the rabbit may be of some value for research in cardiomyopathies.

Cardiomyopathy in crowded rabbits.

Spontaneous cardiomyopathies in Chacma baboons.

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Cardiomyopathy in crowded rabbits.

Spontaneous cardiomyopathies in Chacma baboons.