Osteochondrosis is a disorder of epiphyseal cartilage about which there is considerable confusion in the literature, largely because it has been studied mainly in its chronic stages. Based on recent studies in pigs and horses, and supported by observations in dogs and cats, local ischemia, secondary to defects in cartilage canal blood supply, is a key factor in the inititation of lesions of osteochondrosis and explains many of the features of this disease.

The Pathophysiology of Osteochondrosis

Ischemic necrosis of cartilage in spontaneous and experimental lesions of osteochondrosis

Joint and bone lesions in growing pigs are described on the basis of post-mortem examination of 341 gilts, boars or castrates from 10 to 120 kg live weight, and 869 separate bones from pigs between 80 and 115 kg live weight at slaughter. No evidence of rickets or generalized osteodystrophia fibrosa was found. Lesions occurred in both sexes. The typical osteochondral lesions were most often symmetrical, occurred at certain sites in joints and epiphyseal plates and were most obvious in the elbow and stifle joint, and in the distal epiphyseal plate of the ulna. Lesions of varying degree could be demonstrated in most pigs at 90–100 kg live weight. The use of the diagnosis osteochondrosis is suggested for local primary non-inflammatory disturbances which lead to a failure of endochondral ossification in joint cartilage as well as in epiphyseal plates. The diagnosis arthrosis is used when the superficial layer of the joint cartilage is affected. Investigations of the early changes in the medial condyle of the femur suggest that the osteochondral lesions start in the deep layers of the joint cartilage. Arthrosis occurred frequently in the lumbar intervertebral joints of Norwegian pigs. Otherwise the lesions appeared to be identical with those described from other countries.

/pdf/osteochondrosis-and-arthrosis-in-pigs-i-incidence-in-animals-2fsdfa645h.pdf

Osteochondrosis and arthrosis in pigs. I. Incidence in animals up to 120 kg live weight.

The pathogenesis of the osteochondrosis syndrome was studied in large and giant breeds of dogs. Spontaneous cases of osteochondrosis were examined in large breed dogs, and experimental disease was investigated in Great Dane puppies fed ad libitum or restricted diets until 6 mo of age. This investigation concluded that the primary lesion occurring in osteochondrosis of dogs from the large and giant breeds is an acquired pattern of osteopenic and biomechanically weak subchondral spongiosa that cannot provide adequate bony support for the articular cartilage of joints. Excessive biomechanical loading of the inadequately supported epiphyseal articular cartilage leads to secondary disturbances in the nutrition, metabolism, function and viability of the chondrocytes in the developing joint surface. The primary lesion in the subchondral spongiosa develops when overnutrition (ad libitum feeding) overstimulates skeletal growth and cancellous bone remodelling mechanisms in those breeds of dogs who already have an inherent capacity for rapid skeletal growth. The epiphyseal spongiosa of rapidly growing dogs of the larger breeds is inherently less dense and less strong per unit area than epiphyseal spongiosa of dogs from the smaller breeds. Overnutrition in dogs from the larger breeds exaggerates this tendency to create osteopenia by increasing the rates of skeletal growth and remodeling of the newly formed cancellous bone. Accelerated rates of bone growth and bone remodeling act in concert to product a pattern of epiphyseal spongiosa that is composed of fine trabecular systems that are spaced relatively far apart and that are ultimately less strong per unit area than in small breeds of dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Relationship between nutrition and bone growth in large and giant dogs.

Based on the different investigations performed, the author finds that the diseases called skeletal scurvy, infantile scurvy, Jvfcller Barlow's disease, hypertrophic osteodystrophy and osteodystrophy II must be the same entity.

This study deals with twenty-six dogs suffering from this disease. Contrary to earlier reports, the prognosis is favourable. There were no significant differences in recovery between dogs intensively treated and those not treated. Relapses were rare, and only two dogs subsequently developed classical hypertrophies.

Based on these findings, and recognizing that the aetiology is still unknown, the author suggests the name metaphyseal osteopathy for this affection.

Metaphyseal osteopathy (hypertrophic osteodystrophy) in growing dogs. A clinical study.

Osteochondritis Dissecans in the Proximal Humerus of the Dog1

Normal and Abnormal Growth of the Distal Foreleg in Large and Giant Dogs

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Osteochondritis Dissecans in the Proximal Humerus of the Dog1

Normal and Abnormal Growth of the Distal Foreleg in Large and Giant Dogs