“Diaspora” is the term often used today to describe practically any population that is considered “deterritorialized” or “transnational”—that is, which has originated in a land other than that in w...

Three Meanings of "Diaspora," Exemplified among South Asian Religions

At high national levels the issues of international migration and refugees capture the attention of state department heads cabinets and ministries of defense and affect internal security and external relations. Migration flows are affected by economic migration for better employment opportunities and by pushes due to domestic violence and persecution. Examples abound: the recent exodus of east Germans to the west; soviet Jewish settlement of the West Bank; repatriation of refugees from Hong Kong; placement of Western migrants at strategic locations as prevention against air strikes; anxieties about Eastern European migration to Western Europe; Uganda refugees in Rwanda; and the defeat of the Kabul regime in Afghanistan. The breakup of empires and countries has created uncertainty among minorities. International migration is also subject to people fleeing from environmental degradation droughts floods famines and civil conflicts. Access to communication and transportation brings greater opportunities for migration. More people want to leave than there is room for them in other countries. The media have inadequately represented the direction of flows. Only a small part of the 17 million migrants have flowed to Western Europe or to the US. The largest flows are among developing countries particularly among Africa South Asia Southeast Asia and the Persian Gulf. There is a need for a security/stability framework in contrast to an international political economy framework for the study of international migration. State policies are being shaped by concerns over internal security and international security. The literature on international migration tends to focus on global economic conditions as a determinant of population movement. Neglected is the role of governments in encouraging or discouraging migration which is not due to economic conditions and neglects the noneconomic considerations of governments in encouraging or discouraging economic migrants. The article focuses on identifying types of international movements produced by desires for state security and stability (forced and induced migration) circumstances when international migration and the ways states respond to migration are seen as a threat.

Security stability and international migration.

Contemporary immigration patterns represent a sharp break from the past, when international movements were dominated by flows out of Europe to a few key destination areas. Europe has now become a region of immigration, and, like other developed regions, it draws migrants from a variety of Third World countries. The large-scale movement of immigrants from developing to developed regions has both economic and social foundations. Economically, immigration originates not from simple wage differentials between poor and rich countries but from the spread of economic development to rapidly growing Third World populations and from a persistent demand for low-wage workers in developed nations. Immigration has many social foundations, but the formation of migrant networks is probably the most important. Networks build into the migration process a self-perpetuating momentum that leads to its growth over time, in spite of fluctuating wage differentials, recessions, and increasingly restrictive immigration policies in...

The Social and Economic Origins of Immigration

A vast majority of Korean immigrants in the United States are affiliated with ethnic churches. Korean ethnic churches serve important social functions for Korean church members and the Korean commu...

The structure and social functions of Korean immigrant churches in the United States

social functions for Korean church members and the Korean commu? nity as a whole. This article has two major objectives. First, it provides descriptive information on the structure of Korean immigrant churches in the United States. More importantly, it systematically analyzes social functions of Korean immigrant churches. The article focuses on four major social functions: 1) providing fellowship for Korean immigrants; 2) maintaining the Korean cultural tradition; 3) providing social services for church members and the Korean commu? nity as a whole; and 4) providing social status and positions for Korean adult immigrants. Interviews with 131 Korean head pastors in New York City are the major data source for this study. Although Korea has never been a major Protestant country, Christians have constituted a large proportion of Korean immigrants to the United States. Historical studies (Choy, 1979; Patterson, 1988) suggest that approximately 40 percent of the pioneer immigrants to Hawaii at the turn of the century were Christians prior to immigration, and that the majority of them at? tended ethnic churches in the United States. The same studies emphasize that ethnic churches became the most important ethnic organizations for Korean immigrants, which helped them to maintain social interactions and cultural traditions. In addition, Korean ethnic churches became centers of the Korean independence movement against Japan (Lyu, 1977). A larger proportion of post-1965 Korean immigrants are affiliated with ethnic churches than are earlier Korean immigrants. Case studies in Los

The Structure and Social Functions of Korean Immigrant Churches in

The Banyan Tree: Overseas Emigrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh

Continuous Journey: A Social History of South Asians in Canada.

The Koreans in America

Mark E. Caprio. Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2009. Pp. ix, 320. There is perhaps no more contentious issue in the...

Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945

The Korean Frontier in America: Immigration to Hawaii, 1896-1910.

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