《Ｏｘｆｏｒｄ Ａｄｖａｎｃｅｄ Ｌｅａｒｎｅｒ’ｓ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｏｆ Ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ》（ 以下简称ＯＡＬＤ） 是英语学习词典的先驱。它是第一部既重视词语释义，又重视词法、句法，配有大量例证的词典。我国英语学习者对其第二、三、四版（ 英汉双解版） 都十分熟悉。１９９５ 年，ＯＡＬＤ 第五次修订再版，又有了新的特色，但仍有不足

评《Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English》第五版

Chairman's Report of Proceedings 1. Attached is the Chairman's Report of Proceedings of the Meeting of the Consultative Group for Haiti held in Paris, January 30-31, 1995. The following annexes are attached to this report (in order of appearance at the meeting): Annex I: List of Delegates Annex II: Agenda Annex III: Statement by Mr. Smarck Michel, Prime Minister of Haiti Annex IV: Statement by Mr. Enrique Iglesias, President of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Annex V: Report of Mr. Lakhdar Brahimi, Special Representative of the UN Secretary General Annex VI: Statement by Ms. Marie-Michele Rey, Minister of Economy and Finance of Haiti Annex VII: Statement of Mr. Edilberto L. Segura, Director, International Development Association (IDA) Annex VIII: Statement by Mr. John Thornton, Deputy Division Chief, International Monetary Fund (IMF) Annex IX: Statement by Mr. Philippe Lietard, Director, Corporate Finances Department, IFC Annex X: Statement by Mr. Jean-Marie Cherestal, Minister of Planning and External Cooperation Annex XI: Statement by Mr. Miguel E. Martinez, Manager Regional Operation Department II, IDB Annex XII: Statement by Mr. Fernando Zumbado, Assistant Secretary General, UNDP Annex XIII: Press Releases 2. Comments or corrections should be sent to the Vicc Presidcnt and Secrctary or Deputy Secrertary of the Bank by May 26, 1995.

https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/10945/12373/1/internationalban00cook.pdf

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between entrepreneur financial literacy, financial access, transaction costs and performance of micro-enterprises in Nairobi City County in Kenya. The study was anchored on resource based theory which posits that given resource heterogeneity immobility and satisfaction of the requirement of value rareness, imperfect imitability and non substitutability, a firm’s resource can be a source of sustained competitive advantage. The study also used contingency theory which supports a framework for examining influence of financial literacy on financial access and transaction costs. The study established that financial literacy had influence on financial access transaction costs and performance of micro-enterprises. The paper advance the argument and theoretical perspective that entrepreneur financial literacy is a major determinant of micro enterprise

Entrepreneur financial literacy, financial access, transaction costs and performance of micro enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Financial inclusion assures easy access to financial services by enabling the disadvantaged and vulnerable sections of the society to actively contribute to development and protect themselves against socio-economic shocks. Nigeria has a sizeable rural poor population with limited access to conventional financial institutions or services. This study investigated the impact of financial inclusion on the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) performance in Nigeria. The survey research design method was used, involving the use of questionnaires, in collecting data from respondents. Data were analyzed using the Pearson Chi-square technique. The results show that, whereas financial inclusion positively and significantly impacts the operations and growth of MSMEs, distance to financial services access points and infrastructural deficiency challenged fast and effective access to financial services by MSMEs in Nigeria. The study recommends that deliberate efforts should be made to spread access points to more rural areas and improve infrastructure to promote FI. This should include a policy roadmap for expanding financial services access points to unbanked and underserved areas using the financial services geospatial map. Furthermore, the digitizing of payments across the country should be prioritized to include enhanced ICT/E-banking tools and a consumer protection framework.

/pdf/financial-inclusion-and-performance-of-micro-small-and-2w9tpz7xeh.pdf

Financial inclusion and performance of micro, small and medium scale enterprises in nigeria

This research aims to investigate the effect of Business Development Services (BDS), namely the non-financial services and financial services on the performance of manufacturing Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Sabah, Malaysia. Business development services are recognised as the support services to SMEs, aimed to assist SMEs in overcoming internal and external constraints in its development, thus, improving its performance. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 161 SMEs within the manufacturing sector in Sabah. Partial Least Square (PLS) was employed to analyse data collected. The results reveal that only financial support has an effect on SMEs performance, whilst contrary to expectation, non-financial support was found to have no effect on SMEs performance in Sabah, Malaysia. The outcome of this study provided significant information, especially to the government agencies responsible for the development of SMEs such as SME Corporation Malaysia. They should evaluate further the existing programmes and guidelines and enforce more effective policies to improve the performance of SMEs in Malaysia, particularly in Sabah.

https://hrmars.com/papers_submitted/3910/the-effect-of-business-development-services-on-small-medium-enterprises-smes-performance.pdf

The Effect of Business Development Services on Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Performance

Small and Medium Enterprises have been regarded to play significant roles of job creation, poverty alleviation and economic development of many countries worldwide. These enterprises are however affected by many different factors. How these factors manifest singly or jointly is therefore a key concern for these organizations. Vital among these factors are business development services that affect how organizations produce and sell their finished goods. There is however a dearth of studies focusing on effects of aspects of business development services on organizational performance in Kenya. This study aimed at establishing how market access, procurement services and infrastructure facilities affect performance of small and medium manufacturing enterprises in Kenya. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design and examined primary data collected from 150 enterprises in Nairobi. Inferential statistics were used to interrogate relationships between independent variables and performance while descriptive statistics were used to determine distribution, central tendency and dispersion and hence establish conformity to linear regression requirements. Contrary to expectation, market access did not show any relationship but procurement services and infrastructure facilities each had a positive and significant influence on performance of the enterprises. The study also determined that the joint effect of the three variables on performance is greater than their individual effect. This study therefore concludes that since procurement services and infrastructure facilities showed a positive influence on performance of small and medium manufacturing enterprises in Kenya, the enterprise studied should adopt strategies that enhance procurement and improve infrastructure facilities to experience better performance.

/pdf/the-effect-of-business-development-services-on-performance-is7jm69en2.pdf

The Effect of Business Development Services on Performance of Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises in Kenya

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of effect of strategic planning on organizational performance of Nairobi County. Descriptive research design was adopted in this study which targeted a total of 246 employees of Nairobi County government of whom 23 were top level managers, 61 middle level managers and 162 low level managers. Data was collected using structured questionnaire administered through drop and pick from a sample of 80 employees who were selected using stratified and sequential random sampling methods. Correlation and linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Regression results revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between strategic planning and performance of the county government. Regression results further revealed that external environment has a positive and significant effect on performance of county government. In addition, external environment moderate the relationship between strategic planning and performance of county government. The study recommends that strategic formulation should be a top priority activity at every county government. County government should also employ top-bottom communication during the strategic plan implementation process. In addition, the county government should ensure they have enough competent staff to implement strategic initiatives. Adequate financial resources should also be allocated towards strategy control in their county. Performance indicators and targets should also be clearly defined and communicated within the county. In addition, employees of the county should comply with the county by laws. The county government should therefore do proper environmental scanning so as to improve their performance. The county government should also comply with the parliamentary Acts formulated from the Kenya’s 2010 constitution.

/pdf/strategic-planning-external-environment-and-performance-of-242ipaem88.pdf

Strategic Planning, External Environment and Performance of County Governments in Kenya

Neuro-Signatures in C-3 Economic Decisions

This study focused on the interaction of business development services in the external business environment and firm performance relationship. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design on 800 small and medium manufacturing enterprises in Kenya. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from a sample of 150 enterprises and 64% responded. The instrument was tested for reliability using Cronbach’s approach while data was tested for normality and homoscedasticity before applying regression methods to test hypotheses. Principal component analysis was used to determine suitable predictor variable factors for regressions. The study established that external business environment has a significant positive but partial effect on performance and that business development services partially mediate this relationship. The study recommends that small and medium enterprises should embrace business development services practices to leverage the effect of external business environment on their performance.  Key words: External, business, environment, services, mediation, small, medium, enterprises, performance

/pdf/the-interactive-nature-of-business-development-services-in-3b4yus0am3.pdf

The interactive nature of business development services in the relationship between external business environment and firm performance

High competition in the banking sector forces banks to adopt appropriate strategies for competitive advantage. This study examined contribution of competitive strategies to sustainable competitive advantage in the sector. The study used a cross sectional design on a target population of all the 43 banks in Kenya. The sample for the study however concentrated in Nairobi County which had 38 banks and a total workforce of 3770. Respondents were proportionately stratified by employee category to arrive at total number of 377. Primary data was collected from 377 respondents using structured questionnaires through drop and pick method. Secondary data was collected through desk and content analysis from the bank’s records and reports. Statistical Package for Social Sciences V 22.0 was used to analyze data. Descriptive, inferential, correlation, and regression methods were used to analyze data. Resulting central tendency measures and correlation and regression coefficients were used to establish the relationship between competitive strategies and sustainable competitive advantage. The study findings indicate that differentiation strategy and sustainable competitive advantage are positively and significantly related (r=0.166, p=0.001) and cost leadership strategy and sustainable competitive advantage are positively and significantly related (r=0.085, p=0.034). This study thus concludes that cost leadership strategy and differentiation strategy have an impact on competitive advantage and should be pursued banks. Banks should adopt differentiation strategy and cost leadership strategy in the wake of interest rates reintroduction.

Contribution Of Strategies To Sustainable Competitive Advantage Among Banks After Interest Rate Controls Reintroduction In Kenya

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