Stochastic frontier analysis of

In this paper recent developments in the estimation of frontier functions and the measurement of efficiency are surveyed, and the potential applicability of these methods in agricultural economics is discussed. Frontier production, cost and profit functions are discussed, along with the construction of technical, allocative, scale and overall efficiency measures relative to these estimated frontiers. The two primary methods of frontier estimation, econometric and linear programming, are compared. A survey of recent applications of frontier methods in agriculture is also provided. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

Recent Developments in Frontier Modelling and Efficiency Measurement

Sport Tourism: A Critical Analysis of Research

There is increasing public, governmental and commercial interest in the welfare of intensively farmed fish and stocking density has been highlighted as an area of particular concern. Here we draw scientific attention and debate to this emerging research field by reviewing the evidence for effects of density on rainbow trout. Although no explicit reference to ‘welfare’ has been made, there are 43 studies which have examined the effects of density on production and physiological parameters of rainbow trout. Increasing stocking density does not appear to cause prolonged crowding stress in rainbow trout. However, commonly reported effects of increasing density are reductions in food conversion efficiency, nutritional condition and growth, and an increase in fin erosion. Such changes are indicative of a reduced welfare status—although the magnitude of the effects has tended to be dependent upon study-specific conditions. Systematic observations on large scale commercial farms are therefore required, rather than extrapolation of these mainly small-scale experimental findings. There is dispute as to the cause of the observed effects of increasing density, with water quality deterioration and/or an increase in aggressive behaviour being variously proposed. Both causes can theoretically generate the observed effects of increasing density, and the relative contribution of the two causes may depend upon the specific conditions. However, documentation of the relationship between density and the effects of aggressive behaviour at relevant commercial densities is lacking. Consequently only inferential evidence exists that aggressive behaviour generates the observed effects of increasing density, whereas there is direct experimental evidence that water quality degradation is responsible. Nevertheless, there are contradictory recommendations in the literature for key water quality parameters to ensure adequate welfare status. The potential for welfare to be detrimentally affected by non-aggressive behavioural interactions (abrasion, collision, obstruction) and low densities (due to excessive aggressive behaviour and a poor feeding response) have been largely overlooked. Legislation directly limiting stocking density is likely to be unworkable, and a more practical option might be to prescribe acceptable levels of water quality, health, nutritional condition and behavioural indicators.

The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout

This report reviews the literature on competitiveness, productivity and efficiency in the agricultural and agri-food sectors. It clarifies concepts and terminology used in this area, and provides a critical assessment of approaches and indicators used in the literature to measure competitiveness, productivity and efficiency at sectoral and farm levels. It also discusses recent findings on productivity growth, changes in relative competitiveness between sub-sectors and countries, and determinants of competitiveness, in addition to identifying the major knowledge gaps. This report suggests that more attention should be paid to the agri-food sector, non-price factors of competitiveness, and the impact of government intervention on competitiveness.

/pdf/competitiveness-productivity-and-efficiency-in-the-3qa1n61svz.pdf

Competitiveness, Productivity and Efficiency in the Agricultural and Agri-Food Sectors

Economics of joint production of sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) and roe for caviar.

Research direction and economic feasibility: An example of systems analysis for lobster aquaculture

Economic Adjustments and Changes in Financial Viability of the Farming Sector: The New Zealand Experience

The turn of the millennium was marked by hard times in California agriculture: low prices seemingly across the board, water-supply woes, contracting growth in export markets, more stringent regulatory environments, and declining farm income. The report begins by pondering several questions: “Is it as bleak as it sounds?” “California agriculture has experienced recurrent challenges over its history and survived—can it do so again?” “Will it be able to adjust and grow in the twenty-first century?” Major portions of the report include a stylized history of California agriculture from 1769 to 2000, identification of twenty important historical drivers influencing its evolution through the end of the twentieth century, and an assessment of changes likely to influence the future of California agriculture over the next half century. The chapters are as follows: I. Introduction * Direct and Indirect Indicators of a “Turn of the Century” Problem? * External/Indirect Factors * Consequences for California Agriculture II. A Stylized History of California Agriculture from 1769 to 2000 * Pre-20th Century Epochs * Epochs of the First Half of the 20th Century * Epochs of the Second Half of the 20th Century * At Century’s End III. The Changing Structure of California Agriculture, Statistics, and Financial Indicators: 1950–2000 * The Changing Character of California Agriculture: 1950–2000 * Agricultural Exports * Selected Farm Statistics: 1950–2000 * Summary IV. Drivers of California Agriculture * Factors (Drivers) Influencing Evolution of California Agriculture—Past * Future Threats and/or Future Opportunities * Drivers Influencing the Future of California Agriculture * Concluding Comment: Factors Affecting the Future of * California’s Agriculture V. A Possible Prognosis for the Future * Why California Agriculture Is Different * Bottom Line: What Are California Agriculture’s Chances? * Bottom-Bottom Line VI. References VII. Appendix

/pdf/whither-california-agriculture-up-down-or-out-some-thoughts-urqtjaae02.pdf

Whither California Agriculture: Up, Down, or Out? Some Thoughts about the Future

Perestroika is not a new reality for North American agriculture. Structural adjustments in agriculture, in rural communities and regions, and in economic activities associated with the production and trading of agricultural commodities are made frequently in response to recurrent changes in economic and political conditions. Increased interdependence of agriculture with other sectors within the national economy and worldwide (Tutwiler and Elliott) amplifies the need for understanding the consequences of structural change, including the organization and control of the sector. Macroeconomic and international external sources have also been ac-

Structural Change and the Recognition of Diversity

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