Overwintering plants secrete antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to provide freezing tolerance. These proteins bind to and inhibit the growth of ice crystals that are formed in the apoplast during subzero temperatures. Antifreeze activity has been detected in more than 60 plants and AFPs have been purified from 15 of these, including gymnosperms, dicots and monocots. Biochemical characterization of plant antifreeze activity, as determined by the high ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activities and low thermal hysteresis (TH) of AFPs, showed that their main function is inhibition of ice crystal growth rather than the lowering of freezing temperatures. However, recent studies showed that antifreeze activity with higher TH also exists in plants. Calcium and hormones like ethylene and jasmonic acid have been shown to regulate plant antifreeze activity. Recent studies have shown that plant AFPs bind to both prism planes and basal planes of ice crystals by means of two flat ice binding sites. Plant AFPs have been postulated to evolve from the OsLRR-PSR gene nearly 36 million years ago. In this review, we present the current scenario of plant AFP research in order to understand the possible potential of plant AFPs in generation of freezing-tolerant crops.

Antifreeze proteins enable plants to survive in freezing conditions

Methods, compositions, and articles of manufacture for preparing frozen beverages are described. The methods and articles generally include first and/or second frozen pellets. Upon mixing the frozen pellets with an appropriate liquid for a sufficient time, a frozen beverage is obtained. Articles of manufacture including frozen pellets, as well as optional objects such as straws, spoons, and mixing containers are disclosed. Methods, compositions, and articles of manufacture for preparing frozen pellets are also described.

Pellet systems for preparing beverages

The present invention relates to novel polypeptides comprising an ice-binding capability resulting in an ice crystal formation and/or growth reducing or inhibiting activity. The present invention also relates to an edible product and to a solid support comprising the novel polypeptide. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to a method for producing the novel polypeptide and to different uses of the novel polypeptide.

Polypeptides comprising an ice-binding activity

A frozen food product comprising AFPs, said product having an average ice crystal size of 001 to 20 micrometer, wherein said crystal size is maintained between 001 and 20 micrometer upon storage for 3 weeks at -10 °C Additionally a process for the manufacture of the frozen food product comprising AFPs is described, wherein the process comprises one or more of the following steps: (i) a (pre-)freezing step which is a nucleation dominated freezing step; (ii) a (post-)compaction step using a screw extruder or a compactor

Frozen food product

A method for producing frozen desserts comprises the steps of: producing a frozen premix package at a first site, transporting the frozen premix package in the frozen state to a different, second site, and producing a frozen dessert, using a batch freezer, or a soft-ice machine on the basis of the frozen premix package defrosted at the second site, for instance a point of sale. The premix package contains a batch of premixed pasteurized ingredients for the production of a frozen dessert, wherein the premix is in a sealed packaging, and wherein the premix is in a frozen state.

Producing frozen desserts on the basis of a premixed batch of ingredients

Novel antifreeze polypeptides can be isolated from carrots. These peptides can favourably influence the properties of consumer products, e.g. frozen confectionary products.

Carrot antifreeze polypeptides

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Carrot antifreeze polypeptides