The rapid development of additive manufacturing has fueled a revolution in various research fields and industrial applications. Among the myriad of advanced 3D printing techniques, two-photon polymerization lithography (TPL) uniquely offers a significant advantage in nanoscale print resolution, and has been widely employed in diverse fields, for example, life sciences, materials sciences, mechanics, and microfluidics. More recently, by virtue of the optical transparency of most of the resins used, TPL is finding new applications in optics and photonics, with nanometer to millimeter feature dimensions. It enables the minimization of optical elements and systems, and exploration of light-matter interactions with new degrees of freedom, never possible before. To review the recent progress in the TPL related optical research, it starts with the fundamentals of TPL and material formulation, then discusses novel fabrication methods, and a wide range of optical applications. These applications notably include diffractive, topological, quantum, and color optics. With a panoramic view of the development, it is concluded with insights and perspectives of the future development of TPL and related potential optical applications. 

https://zenodo.org/record/8006624/files/2301%20Adv%20Funct%20Materials%20-%202023%20-%20FORTH%20-%20Two%E2%80%90Photon%20Polymerization%20Lithography%20for%20Optics%20and%20Photonics%20%20Fundamentals%20%20Materials%20%281%29.pdf

Two‐Photon Polymerization Lithography for Optics and Photonics: Fundamentals, Materials, Technologies, and Applications

The flat endface of an optical fiber tip is an emerging light-coupled microscopic platform that combines fiber optics with planar micro- and nanotechnologies. Since different materials and structures are integrated onto the endfaces, optical fiber tip devices have miniature sizes, diverse integrated functions, and low insertion losses, making them suitable for all-optical networks. In recent decades, the increasing demand for multifunctional optical fibers has created opportunities to develop various structures on fiber tips. Meanwhile, the unconventional shape of optical fibers presents challenges involving the adaptation of standard planar micro- and nanostructure preparation strategies for fiber tips. In this context, researchers are committed to exploring and optimizing fiber tip manufacturing techniques, thereby paving the way for future integrated all-fiber devices with multifunctional applications. First, we present a broad overview of current fabrication technologies, classified as “top-down,” “bottom-up,” and “material transfer” methods, for patterning optical fiber tips. Next, we review typical structures integrated on fiber tips and their known and potential applications, categorized with respect to functional structure configurations, including “optical functionalization” and “electrical integration.” Finally, we discuss the prospects for future opportunities involving multifunctional integrated fiber tips.

/pdf/multifunctional-integration-on-optical-fiber-tips-challenges-1aq85p1cgq.pdf

Multifunctional integration on optical fiber tips: challenges and opportunities

Fano resonance is a universal phenomenon observed in many areas where wave propagation and interference are possible. Fano resonance arises from the interference of broad and narrow spectra of radiation and becomes an important tool for many applications in the physical, chemical, and biological sciences. At the beginning of this paper, we consider Fano resonances in individual particles, primarily of spherical and cylindrical shapes, and discuss their connection with the physics of bound states in the continuum that determine the high quality factors of resonators. Further, we discuss two areas in which structures with Fano resonances have already found or will find real application in the nearest future—sensors and lasers. The penultimate section concerns our future, which will be associated with the complete replacement of electronic processing, transmission, and storage of information with optical devices as many hope. It is believed that this sophisticated goal can be achieved with devices that implement the slow-light regime associated with the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency, which can be considered as a special case of Fano resonance. The review completes with one more promising topic related to quantum electrodynamics in structures with Fano cavities.

Fano resonance for applications

The field of 3D micro‐optics is rapidly expanding, and essential advances in femtosecond laser direct‐write 3D multi‐photon lithography (MPL, also known as two‐photon or multi‐photon polymerization) are being made. Micro‐optics realized via MPL emerged a decade ago and the field has exploded during the last five years. Impressive findings have revealed its potential for beam shaping, advanced imaging, optical sensing, integrated photonic circuits, and much more. This is supported by a game‐changing and increasing industrial interest from key established companies in this field. In this review, the origin and the advancement of micro‐optics fabrication with MPL are detailed by describing the chronology, distinguishing discrete application groups, providing generalized technical data on the processes and available materials, and discussing the foreseen near‐future advances.

/pdf/micro-optics-3d-printed-via-multi-photon-laser-lithography-167neycc.pdf

Micro‐Optics 3D Printed via Multi‐Photon Laser Lithography

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2516-1091/abaaa3/pdf

Optical spectroscopy for in vivo medical diagnosis—a review of the state of the art and future perspectives

DOI: 10.1002/adom.201900602 Whispering gallery microcavities (WGMs) can be combined with optical fibers to create powerful tools that have the advantages of both, such as high sensitivity, flexibility, and remote sensing. The unique properties of WGMs, such as the high quality factors of their resonant modes,[1] the high response sensitivity of these modes to gases,[2–5] nanoparticles,[6,7] and biocomponents,[8] and various material compatibility,[9] make them one of the best candidates for sensing applications.[10] However, the complex excitation and detection setup for the resonant modes of WGMs lacks flexibility in practical applications. Therefore, a flexible, easy-touse, and robust strategy to achieve excitation and detection of the resonant modes of WGMs is desirable. Integrating WGMs directly in or on optical fibers is an effective way to achieve this aim. For example, fabricating whispering gallery mode resonators directly in optical fibers has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy for combing WGMs and optical fibers.[11–13] In addition, placing a glass microsphere resonator near the end of a single mode optical fiber by putting it in a thin wall capillary fusion spliced to the optical fiber is another effective strategy. Based on this configuration, researchers demonstrated a chemical vapor sensor with high sensitivity.[14] Additionally, in view of advanced nanofabrication technology, the end facets of optical fibers are intrinsically extensible platforms for various microand nano-optical structures.[15–19] The many works on this topic have made this research direction an important branch of optical fiber optics. The concept of “lab on fiber” defines this field well, which describes the vision that physical, chemical, or biological functions can be added to optical fibers by integrating different microand nanoscale optical structures composed of various materials into or onto these fibers. The way light is coupled out of and returned back into the optical fibers must be considered during the design of the structures. For single core optical fibers, only one channel for coupling light out of and into the fibers exists. Therefore, for “lab on fiber” devices based on single core optical fibers, only the structures that can return part of the light back into the core are suitable, which is a strong limitation on the realization of more powerful “lab on fiber” devices. Some important and classical optical configurations that need at least two or more ports for coupling light in or out are excluded from this concept if only single core optical fibers are employed. This limitation can be broken if The further development of “lab on fiber” technology demands more powerful optical microsystems and optical fibers with special functions to create sensors with better performance. Whispering gallery microcavities (WGMs) made of different materials with high quality factors show very good sensitivity to gases, nanoparticles, and biocomponents. However, realizing the excitation and detection of the resonant modes of WGMs on the facets of optical fibers is still a great challenge. This work employs the advanced 3D manufacturing technology of two-photon lithography to fabricate an optical microsystem on the end facet of a multicore optical fiber, which enables excitation and detection of whispering gallery modes on the end facet of an optical fiber. Whispering gallery modes with high quality factors are observed, and the sensing characterization of this device for vapors of three types of volatile organic compounds is investigated. Such optical fiber vapor sensors can be applied in the fields of medical care, environmental monitoring and chemical manufacturing. Additionally, the out-of-plane light coupling strategy may be useful for the design of integrated optical circuits on chips.

High-Q Polymer Microcavities Integrated on a Multicore Fiber Facet for Vapor Sensing

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High-Q Polymer Microcavities Integrated on a Multicore Fiber Facet for Vapor Sensing