Cancer is ranked as the second leading cause of death globally. Traditional cancer therapies including chemotherapy are flawed, with off-target and on-target toxicities on the normal cells, requiring newer strategies to improve cell selective targeting. The application of nanomaterial has been extensively studied and explored as chemical biology tools in cancer theranostics. It shows greater applications toward stability, biocompatibility, and increased cell permeability, resulting in precise targeting, and mitigating the shortcomings of traditional cancer therapies. The nanoplatform offers an exciting opportunity to gain targeting strategies and multifunctionality. The advent of nanotechnology, in particular the development of smart nanomaterials, has transformed cancer diagnosis and treatment. The large surface area of nanoparticles is enough to encapsulate many molecules and the ability to functionalize with various biosubstrates such as DNA, RNA, aptamers, and antibodies, which helps in theranostic action. Comparatively, biologically derived nanomaterials perceive advantages over the nanomaterials produced by conventional methods in terms of economy, ease of production, and reduced toxicity. The present review summarizes various techniques in cancer theranostics and emphasizes the applications of smart nanomaterials (such as organic nanoparticles (NPs), inorganic NPs, and carbon-based NPs). We also critically discussed the advantages and challenges impeding their translation in cancer treatment and diagnostic applications. This review concludes that the use of smart nanomaterials could significantly improve cancer theranostics and will facilitate new dimensions for tumor detection and therapy.

Smart Nanomaterials in Cancer Theranostics: Challenges and Opportunities

Access to a wide range of plastic materials has been rationalized by the increased demand from growing populations and the development of high-throughput production systems. Plastic materials at low costs with reliable properties have been utilized in many everyday products. Multibillion-dollar companies are established around these plastic materials, and each polymer takes years to optimize, secure intellectual property, comply with the regulatory bodies such as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals and the Environmental Protection Agency and develop consumer confidence. Therefore, developing a fully sustainable new plastic material with even a slightly different chemical structure is a costly and long process. Hence, the production of the common plastic materials with exactly the same chemical structures that does not require any new registration processes better reflects the reality of how to address the critical future of sustainable plastics. In this review, we have highlighted the very recent examples on the synthesis of common monomers using chemicals from sustainable feedstocks that can be used as a like-for-like substitute to prepare conventional petrochemical-free thermoplastics.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00354

Polymers without Petrochemicals: Sustainable Routes to Conventional Monomers

Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) needs to reduce inflammation, relieve hypoxia, lower blood glucose, promote angiogenesis, and eliminate pathogenic bacteria, but the therapeutic efficacy is greatly limited by the diversity and synergy of drug functions as well as the DFU microenvironment itself. Herein, an ultrasound-augmented multienzyme-like nanozyme hydrogel spray was developed using hyaluronic acid encapsulated l-arginine and ultrasmall gold nanoparticles and Cu1.6O nanoparticles coloaded phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (ACPCAH). This nanozyme hydrogel spray possesses five types of enzyme-like activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD)-, catalase (CAT)-, glucose oxidase (GOx)-, peroxidase (POD)-, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like activities. The kinetics and reaction mechanism of the sonodynamic/sonothermal synergistic enhancement of the SOD-CAT-GOx-POD/NOS cascade reaction of ACPCAH are fully investigated. Both in vitro and in vivo tests demonstrate that this nanozyme hydrogel spray can be activated by the DFU microenvironment to reduce inflammation, relieve hypoxia, lower blood glucose, promote angiogenesis, and eliminate pathogenic bacteria, thus accelerating diabetic wound healing effectively. This study highlights a competitive approach based on multienzyme-like nanozymes for the development of all-in-one DFU therapies. 

Ultrasound-Augmented Multienzyme-like Nanozyme Hydrogel Spray for Promoting Diabetic Wound Healing.

The anticancer mechanism of nanozymes is dominantly associated with the capacity for generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by the valence change of metal elements. However, very little research is focused on and has achieved the exploration and development of enzyme‐mimicking activities of valence‐invariable metal compounds. Herein, a distinct valence‐invariable calcium fluoride (CaF2) nanozyme with ultrasound (US)‐enhanced peroxidase (POD)‐mimicking activity is rationally designed and engineered for efficient calcium (Ca2+)‐overload‐enhanced catalytic tumor nanotherapy, which is the first paradigm of Ca‐based nanozymes for catalytic cancer treatment. The release of exogenous Ca2+ ions from CaF2 nanocrystals and deleterious ROS generation derived from US‐amplified POD‐mimicking properties facilitate intracellular Ca2+ accumulation and achieve Ca2+‐overload‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction through introducing exogenous Ca2+ ions and regulating calcium‐pumping channels of neoplastic cells. Especially, US as an exogenous energy input is capable of substantially amplifying POD‐mimicking catalytic activities of CaF2 nanozyme, ultimately achieving efficient anti‐neoplastic outcome on both 4T1 breast tumor and H22 hepatic carcinoma animal models. Such a discovery of enzyme‐like activity of valence‐invariable metal compounds can broaden the cognition scope of nanozymes and effectively serves the field of catalytic and chemoreactive nanomedicine.

A Calcium Fluoride Nanozyme for Ultrasound‐Amplified and Ca2+‐Overload‐Enhanced Catalytic Tumor Nanotherapy

Bimetal-organic framework/GOx-based hydrogel dressings with antibacterial and inflammatory modulation for wound healing.

Bimetallic oxide Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 cage-like frame nanospheres with triple enzyme-like activities for bacterial-infected wound therapy

Amphoteric functional polymers for leather wet finishing auxiliaries: A review

A Salt-free Pickling and Chrome-free Tanning Technology: Sustainable Approach for Cleaner Leather Manufacturing

The complex physiological environment and inherent self-healing function of tumors make it difficult to eliminate malignant tumors by single therapy. In order to enhance the efficacy of antitumor therapy, it is significant and challenging to realize multi-mode combination therapy by utilizing/improving the adverse factors of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, a novel Fe3O4@Au/PPy nanoplatform loaded with a chemotherapy drug (DOX) and responsive to TME, near-infrared (NIR) laser and magnetic field was designed for the combination enhancement of eliminating the tumor. The Fe2+ released at the low pH in TME can react with endogenous H2O2 to induce toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH) for chemodynamic therapy (CDT). At the same time, the generated Fe3+ could deplete overexpressed glutathione (GSH) at the tumor site to prevent reactive oxygen species (ROS) from being restored while producing Fe2+ for CDT. The designed Fe3O4@Au/PPy nanoplatform had high photothermal (PT) conversion efficiency and photodynamic therapy (PDT) performance under NIR light excitation, which can promote CDT efficiency and produce more toxic ROS. To maximize the cancer-killing efficiency, the nanoplatform can be successfully loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug DOX, which can be efficiently released under NIR excitation and induction of slight acidity at the tumor site. In addition, the nanoplatform also possessed high saturation magnetization (20 emu/g), indicating a potential magnetic targeting function. In vivo and in vitro results identified that the Fe3O4@Au/PPy-DOX nanoplatform had good biocompatibility and magnetic-targeted synergetic CDT/PDT/PTT/chemotherapy antitumor effects, which were much better than those of the corresponding mono/bi/tri-therapies. This work provides a new approach for designing intelligent TME-mediated nanoplatforms for synergistically enhancing tumor therapy.

/pdf/facile-synthesis-of-fe3o4-au-ppy-dox-nanoplatform-with-1q0f0qho.pdf

Facile Synthesis of Fe3O4@Au/PPy-DOX Nanoplatform with Enhanced Glutathione Depletion and Controllable Drug Delivery for Enhanced Cancer Therapeutic Efficacy

A “Taiji-Bagua” inspired multi-functional amphoteric polymer for ecological chromium-free organic tanned leather production: Integration of retanning and fatliquoring

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