Due to the emerging bacterial resistance and the protection of tenacious biofilms, it is hard for the single antibacterial modality to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects nowadays. In recent years, photothermal therapy (PTT)-derived multimodal synergistic treatments have received wide attention and exhibited cooperatively enhanced bactericidal activity. PTT features spatiotemporally controllable generation of hyperthermia that could eradicate bacteria without inducing resistance. The synergy of it with other treatments, such as chemotherapy, photo-dynamic/catalytic therapy (PDT/PCT), immunotherapy, and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), could lower the introduced laser density in PTT and avoid undesired overheating injury of normal tissues. Simultaneously, by heat-induced improvement of the bacterial membrane permeability, PTT is conducive for accelerated intracellular permeation of chemotherapeutic drugs as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photosensitizers/sonosensitizers, and could promote infiltration of immune cells. Thereby, it could solve the currently existing sterilization deficiencies of other combined therapeutic modes, for example, bacterial resistance for chemotherapy, low drug permeability for PDT/PCT/SDT, adverse immunoreactions for immunotherapy, etc. Admittedly, PTT-derived synergistic treatments are becoming essential in fighting bacterial infection, especially those caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. This review firstly presents the classical and newly reported photothermal agents (PTAs) in brief. Profoundly, through the introduction of delicately designed nanocomposite platforms, we systematically discuss the versatile photothermal-derived multimodal synergistic therapy with the purpose of sterilization application. At the end, challenges to PTT-derived combinational therapy are presented and promising synergistic bactericidal prospects are anticipated.

Emerging photothermal-derived multimodal synergistic therapy in combating bacterial infections.

Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies have been expected to provide innovative platforms for addressing antibacterial challenges, with potential to even deal with bacterial infections involving drug-resistance. The current review summarizes recent progress over the last 3 years in the field of antibacterial nanomaterials with a photothermal conversion effect. We classify these photothermal nanomaterials into four functional categories: carbon-based nanoconjugates of graphene derivatives or carbon nanotubes, noble metal nanomaterials mainly from gold and silver, metallic compound nanocomposites such as copper sulfide and molybdenum sulfide, and polymeric as well as other nanostructures. Different categories can be assembled with each other to enhance the photothermal effects and the antibacterial activities. The review describes their fabrication processes, unique properties, antibacterial modes, and potential healthcare applications.

Nanomaterials with a photothermal effect for antibacterial activities: an overview

Inorganic nanomaterials that have inherently exceptional physicochemical properties (e.g., catalytic, optical, thermal, electrical, or magnetic performance) that can provide desirable functionality (e.g., drug delivery, diagnostics, imaging, or therapy) have considerable potential for application in the field of biomedicine. However, toxicity can be caused by the long-term, non-specific accumulation of these inorganic nanomaterials in healthy tissues, preventing their large-scale clinical utilization. Over the past several decades, the emergence of biodegradable and clearable inorganic nanomaterials has offered the potential to prevent such long-term toxicity. In addition, a comprehensive understanding of the design of such nanomaterials and their metabolic pathways within the body is essential for enabling the expansion of theranostic applications for various diseases and advancing clinical trials. Thus, it is of critical importance to develop biodegradable and clearable inorganic nanomaterials for biomedical applications. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress of biodegradable and clearable inorganic nanomaterials, particularly for application in cancer theranostics and other disease therapies. The future prospects and opportunities in this rapidly growing biomedical field are also discussed. We believe that this timely and comprehensive review will stimulate and guide additional in-depth studies in the area of inorganic nanomedicine, as rapid in vivo clearance and degradation is likely to be a prerequisite for the future clinical translation of inorganic nanomaterials with unique properties and functionality.

Inorganic nanomaterials with rapid clearance for biomedical applications.

Wound dressings based on nanomaterials play a crucial role in wound treatment and are widely used in a whole range of medical settings, from minor to life-threatening tissue injuries. This article presents an educational review on the accumulating knowledge in this multidisciplinary area to lay out the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead and ignite the further and faster development of clinically valuable technologies. The review analyzes the functional advantages of nanomaterial-based gauzes and hydrogels as well as hybrid structures thereof. On this basis, the review presents state-of-the-art advances to transfer the (semi)blind approaches to the evaluation of a wound state to smart wound dressings that enable real-time monitoring and diagnostic functions that could help in wound evaluation during healing. This review explores the translation of nanomaterial-based wound dressings and related medical aspects into real-world use. The ongoing challenges and future opportunities associated with nanomaterial-based wound dressings and related clinical decisions are presented and reviewed.

Wound Dressing: From Nanomaterials to Diagnostic Dressings and Healing Evaluations.

The constant advent of major health threats such as antibacterial resistance or highly communicable viruses, together with a declining antimicrobial discovery, urgently requires the exploration of innovative therapeutic approaches. Nowadays, strategies based on metal nanoparticle technology have demonstrated interesting outcomes due to their intrinsic features. In this scenario, there is an emerging and growing interest in copper-based nanoparticles (CuNPs). Indeed, in their pure metallic form, as oxides, or in combination with sulfur, CuNPs have peculiar behaviors that result in effective antimicrobial activity associated with the stimulation of essential body functions. Here, we present a critical review on the state of the art regarding the in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the antimicrobial activity of CuNPs together with absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) assessments. Considering the potentiality of CuNPs in antimicrobial treatments, within this Review we encounter the need to summarize the behaviors of CuNPs and provide the expected perspectives on their contributions to infectious and communicable disease management.

Antimicrobial Nano-Agents: The Copper Age.

Chronic nonhealing wounds have imposed serious challenges in the clinical practice, especially for the patients infected with multidrug-resistant microbes. Herein, we developed an ultrasmall copper sulfide (covellite) nanodots (CuS NDs) based dual functional nanosystem to cure multidrug-resistant bacteria-infected chronic nonhealing wound. The nanosystem could eradicate multidrug-resistant bacteria and expedite wound healing simultaneously owing to the photothermal effect and remote control of copper-ion release. The antibacterial results indicated that the combination treatment of photothermal CuS NDs with photothermal effect initiated a strong antibacterial effect for drug-resistant pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase Escherichia coli both in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, the released Cu2+ could promote fibroblast cell migration and endothelial cell angiogenesis, thus accelerating wound-healing effects. In MRSA-infected diabetic mice model, the nanosystem exhibited synergistic wound healing effect of infectious wounds in vivo and demonstrated negligible toxicity and nonspecific damage to major organs. The combination of ultrasmall CuS NDs with photothermal therapy displayed enhanced therapeutic efficacy for chronic nonhealing wound in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, which may represent a promising class of antibacterial strategy for clinical translation.

Laser-Activatable CuS Nanodots to Treat Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Release Copper Ion to Accelerate Healing of Infected Chronic Nonhealing Wounds

Gold–silver nanoshells promote wound healing from drug-resistant bacteria infection and enable monitoring via surface-enhanced Raman scattering imaging

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Laser-Activatable CuS Nanodots to Treat Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Release Copper Ion to Accelerate Healing of Infected Chronic Nonhealing Wounds

Gold–silver nanoshells promote wound healing from drug-resistant bacteria infection and enable monitoring via surface-enhanced Raman scattering imaging