Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a leading cause of death and is commonly accompanied by systemic manifestations that are generally associated with a poor prognosis. Many cytokines contribute to pancreatic tissue damage and cause systemic injury. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a cytokine that may play a vital role in AP. Specifically, IL-17 has important effects on the immune response and causes interactions between different inflammatory mediators in the AP-related microenvironment. In this literature review, we will discuss the existing academic understanding of IL-17 and the impacts of IL-17 in different cells (especially in acinar cells and immune system cells) in AP pathogenesis. The clinical significance and potential mechanisms of IL-17 on AP deterioration are emphasized. The evidence suggests that inhibiting the IL-17 cytokine family could alleviate the pathogenic process of AP, and we highlight therapeutic strategies that directly or indirectly target IL-17 cytokines in acute pancreatitis.

/pdf/role-of-interleukin-17-in-acute-pancreatitis-28la0dctsm.pdf

Role of Interleukin-17 in Acute Pancreatitis.

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a recognized symptom of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and is independently associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, the central nervous system manifestations in patients infected with the coronavirus‐2019 (COVID‐19) have demonstrated cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Hence, OD in COVID‐19 necessitates perusal of its mechanism and available treatment options to avert possible development of neurocognitive sequelae of the pandemic. The article presents a literature review organized from the published information about olfactory training (OT) for OD during COVID‐19. The methodology comprised retrieval of available literature from database searches and subsequent scrutinization of relevant information. Inferentially, injury to the sustentacular cells, possessing angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE‐2) receptors, is an important mechanism causing OD in COVID‐19. Olfactory dysfunction may be prolonged in severe cases of anosmia predisposing to neurodegenerative and cognitive impairment in COVID‐19 infection. Olfactory training demonstrates an effective treatment for OD based on human and animal‐derived evidence through recent studies. It curtails the progression of OD, besides inducing neural rearrangement and changes in functional connectivity in patients receiving OT. Additionally, contemporary reports support that the administration of OT for COVID‐induced anosmia is effective and encompasses no significant adverse effects. The present review highlights the prominence of olfactory training as a recommended intervention for OD in COVID‐19. This review can guide the clinicians in curbing neurological repercussions of COVID besides enhancing cognitive rehabilitation through olfactory training.

Olfactory training for olfactory dysfunction in COVID‐19: A promising mitigation amidst looming neurocognitive sequelae of the pandemic

INTRODUCTION Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease, associated with blood-nerve barrier breakdown, inflammatory cells infiltration, and cytokine leakage in the peripheral nervous system. Currently, it has been revealed that monocytes play key roles in the inflammatory response. Therefore, we aimed to assess the correlation between monocyte count and GBS in this study. METHODS Retrospective study was conducted in 114 patients with GBS and 120 age- and gender-matched individuals. RESULTS Absolute monocyte count in patients with GBS was higher than that in healthy controls (0.61 ± 0.24 vs 0.41 ± 0.10; P  < .001). Interestingly, monocyte count had significant positive correlations with CRP, ESR, and disease severity of GBS (r = .244, P = .009; r = .269, P = .004; r = .322, P < .001). A cutoff value of 0.515 for monocyte count was observed in patients with GBS (areas under the curve = 0.808, 95% confidence interval = 0.749-0.868, P  < .001). Meanwhile, absolute monocyte count was independently associated with GBS in logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 2.291, 95% confidence interval = 3.557-27.493, P < .001). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that elevated monocyte count is independently associated with GBS patients, and suggested monocyte count is positively associated with disease severity of GBS.

Can we assess severity of Guillain-Barré syndrome using absolute monocyte count?

Background: Endplate inflammation remains a difficult disease to treat, in part due to its unclear pathology. Previous experiments showed that patients with idiopathic inflammation presented a syst...

A Positive Feedback Loop Between Th17 Cells and Dendritic Cells in Patients with Endplate Inflammation.

Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in the induction and regulation of immune responses, including the activation of effector T lymphocytes for the eradication of cancers. However, the tum...

Upregulation of microRNA-155 Enhanced Migration and Function of Dendritic Cells in Three-dimensional Breast Cancer Microenvironment

Patients with idiopathic endplate inflammation displayed aberrant Th17 responses resulting in proinflammatory monocyte activation.

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A Positive Feedback Loop Between Th17 Cells and Dendritic Cells in Patients with Endplate Inflammation.

Patients with idiopathic endplate inflammation displayed aberrant Th17 responses resulting in proinflammatory monocyte activation.