The cultivated/domesticated peach (Prunus persica var. persica; Rosaceae, subgenus Amygdalus; synonym: Amygdalus persica) originated in China, but its wild ancestor, as well as where, when, and under what circumstances the peach was domesticated, is poorly known. Five populations of archaeological peach stones recovered from Zhejiang Province, China, document peach use and evolution beginning ca. 8000 BP. The majority of the archaeological sites from which the earliest peach stones have been recovered are from the Yangzi River valley, indicating that this is where early selection for favorable peach varieties likely took place. Furthermore, peach stone morphology through time is consistent with the hypothesis that an unknown wild P. persica was the ancestor of the cultivated peach. The oldest archaeological peach stones are from the Kuahuqiao (8000–7000 BP) and Tianluoshan (7000–6500 BP) sites and both stone samples segregate into two size groups, suggesting early selection of preferred types. The first peach stones in China most similar to modern cultivated forms are from the Liangzhu culture (ca. 5300 to 4300 BP), where the peach stones are significantly larger and more compressed than earlier stones. Similar peach stones are reported from Japan much earlier (6700–6400 BP). This large, compressed-stone peach was introduced to Japan and indicates a yet unidentified source population in China that was similar to the Liangzhu culture peach. This study proposes that the lower Yangzi River valley is a region, if not the region, of early peach selection and domestication and that the process began at least 7500 years ago.

/pdf/archaeological-evidence-for-peach-prunus-persica-cultivation-4dpndr6x2z.pdf

Archaeological Evidence for Peach (Prunus persica) Cultivation and Domestication in China

The transition to urbanism has long focused on annual staple crops (cereals and legumes), perhaps at the expense of understanding other changes within agricultural practices that occurred between the end of the initial domestication period and urbanisation. This paper examines the domestication and role of fruit tree crops within urbanisation in both Western Asia and China, using a combination of evidence for morphological change and a database that documents both the earliest occurrence of tree fruit crops and their spread beyond their wild range. In Western Asia the domestication of perennial fruit crops likely occurs between 6500 bc and 3500 bc, although it accompanies a shift in location from that of the earliest domestications within the Fertile Crescent to Mesopotamia, where the earliest urban societies arose. For China, fruit-tree domestication dates between ca 4000 and 2500 bc, commencing after millet domestication and rice domestication in Northern and Southern China, respectively, but within the period that led up to the urban societies that characterised the Longshan period in the Yellow River basin and the Liangzhu Culture in the Lower Yangtze. These results place the domestication of major fruit trees between the end of the domestication of staple annual crops and the rise of urbanism. On this basis it is argued that arboriculture played a fundamental role within the re-organisation of existing land use, shifting the emphasis from short-term returns of cereal crops into longer term investment in the developing agricultural landscape in both Western and East Asia. In this respect perennial tree crops can be placed alongside craft specialisation, such as metallurgy and textiles, in the formation of urban centres and the shaping the organisational administration that accompanied the rise of urbanism.

/pdf/between-domestication-and-civilization-the-role-of-18ztc2lg2e.pdf

Between domestication and civilization: the role of agriculture and arboriculture in the emergence of the first urban societies.

SSR fingerprinting Chinese peach cultivars and landraces (Prunus persica) and analysis of their genetic relationships

BACKGROUND: The cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene is a key genetic determinant for quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide resistance in plant pathogenic fungi. A mutation at amino acid position G143 can cause qualitative resistance unless it is part of the recognition site for a self-splicing intron. The objective of this study was to clone and sequence the Cyt b gene from Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey, the causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits, and to assess the risk for the development of a mutation at position 143.



RESULTS: The Cyt b gene of M. fructicola was 11 927 bp in size and contained seven introns located at cDNA positions (5′–3′) 204, 395, 430, 491, 507, 780 and 812 with sizes of 1592, 1318, 1166, 1252, 1065, 2131 and 2227 bp respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that the above-mentioned 1166 bp intron, a self-splicing group I intron, was located just downstream of the G143 codon. The Cyt b gene region covering the G143 location and the adjacent 1166 bp intron was PCR amplified and sequenced from Chinese and US isolates, indicating that the intron may be omnipresent in M. fructicola.



CONCLUSION: This is the first complete Cyt b gene sequence published for M. fructicola or any other Monilinia species, forming the basis for molecular analysis of QoI fungicide resistance. Sequence analysis revealed that the G143A mutation responsible for high levels of QoI fungicide resistance in many plant pathogenic fungi may not develop in M. fructicola unless genotypes emerge that lack the 1166 bp intron. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

An intron in the cytochrome b gene of Monilinia fructicola mitigates the risk of resistance development to QoI fungicides.

Evaluation of the genetic diversity of Asian peach accessions using a selected set of SSR markers

History of cultivation and trends in China.

Castanea squinii Dode, an endemic tree widely distributed in China, plays an important role both in chestnut breeding and forest ecosystem function. The spatial genetic structure within and among populations is an important part of the evolutionary and ecological genetic dynamics of natural populations, and can provide insights into effective conservation of genetic resources. In the present study, the spatial genetic structure of a panmictic natural population of C. sequinii in the Dabie Mountain region was investigated using microsatellite markers. Nine prescreened microsatellite loci generated 29–33 alleles each, and were used for spatial autocorrelation analysis. Based on Moran’s I coefficient, a panmictic population of C. sequinii in the Dabie Mountain region was found to be lacking a spatial genetic structure. These results suggest that a high pollen-mediated gene flow among subpopulations counteract genetic drift and/or genetic differentiation and plays an important role in maintaining a random and panmictic population structure in C. sequinii populations. Further, a spatial genetic structure was detected in each subpopulation’s scale (0.228 km), with all three subpopulations showing significant fine-scale structure. The genetic variation was found to be nonrandomly distributed within 61 m in each subpopulation (Moran’s I positive values). Although Moran’s I values varied among the different subpopulations, Moran’s I in all the three subpopulations reached the expected values with an increase in distances, suggesting a generally patchy distribution in the subpopulations. The fine-scale structure seems to reflect restricted seed dispersal and microenvironment selection in C. sequinii. These results have important implications for understanding the evolutionary history and ecological process of the natural population of C. sequinii and provide baseline data for formulating a conservation strategy of Castanea species.

Subpopulation genetic structure of a plant panmictic population of Castanea sequinii as revealed by microsatellite markers

Castanea squinii, an endemic tree widely distributed in China, has great value both for chestnut breeding and in natural forest ecosystems. The spatial genetic structure within and among populations is an important part of the evolutionary and ecological genetic dynamics of natural populations and can provide insights into effective conservation of genetic resources. In the present study, the spatial genetic structure of a natural population of C. sequinii in the Dabie Mountain region, including three subpopulations, was investigated using SSR markers. Nine prescreened SSR loci generated 29-33 alleles and were used for spatial autocorrelation analysis. Based on Moran's I coefficient, a panmictic population of C. sequinii was revealed that lacked spatial genetic structure in the Dabie Mountain region. These results suggested that high pollen flow among subpopulations counteracted genetic drift or genetic differentiation and played an important role in maintaining a random and panmictic population structure in the region. However, spatial genetic structure was detected in the geographic range of each subpopulation's scale (0.228 km) indicating that spatial genetic structure occurred at a fine scale within each subpopulation. All three subpopulations showed significant fine-scale structure. The genetic variation was not randomly distributed within 61 m in each subpopulation (Moran's I positive values). However, although Moran's I values varied among the different subpopulations, Moran's I in all the three subpopulations reached the expected values with an increase in distance suggesting a general patchy distribution in the subpopulations. The fine-scale structure seemed to be influenced by restricted seed dispersal and microenvironment selection. These results have important implications for understanding the evolutionary history and ecological process of natural populations of C. squinii and provide baseline data for formulating conservation strategies of Castanea species.

Subpopulation genetic structure in a panmictic population as revealed by molecular markers: a case study of castanea sequinii using ssr markers

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History of cultivation and trends in China.

Subpopulation genetic structure of a plant panmictic population of Castanea sequinii as revealed by microsatellite markers

Subpopulation genetic structure in a panmictic population as revealed by molecular markers: a case study of castanea sequinii using ssr markers