Zinc in plants: Integrating homeostasis and biofortification

Background Resistant starch (RS) has been unanimously identified as a replacement for dietary fiber due to its balanced nutritional functionality and sensory implications. Main source of resistant starch is presently from tubers and cereals. However, on the basis of dependence on resource intensiveness, these crops were questioned recently and a necessity of shifting starch source to a sustainable source was highlighted. This resulted an increase in interest for millet sourced RS, lately. Recently, this fact attracted research community's attention and numerous studies have been reported. However, a literature compiling the recent developments and highlighting the importance, opportunities of RS sourced millets as a cereal replacement is limited. Scope and approach This review is focused on comprehending the recent developments and food application of millet RS. Starch profile of different millets and influence of different millet and various unit operations in millets RS formation has been also conferred. Research prospects and importance of millet RS in meeting future RS demand sustainably is highlighted. Commercial viability of high RS millet flour and conventional corn RS has been evaluated. Key Findings and Conclusion: Millets is a sustainable raw-material for RS manufacturing and a potential replacement to cereals. The inherent nutraceutical functionality and climatic tolerance gives millets an edge over cereals. Thermal and chemical treatments are efficient manufacturing processes for millet RS. Influence of millet protein and fat could increment the RS content. The versatility of millet RS permit multiple food applications.

Resistant starch from millets: Recent developments and applications in food industries

Physicochemical properties of hydroxypropylated and cross-linked rice starches differential in amylose content.

The structure-properties relationships of native and debranched starch (DBS) were investigated by analyzing the results of DSC, XRD, NMR, HPAEC, FT-IR, SEM, hydrolysis, and digestibility properties...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19476337.2019.1710261

Comparative study on the structure-properties relationships of native and debranched rice starch

Black rice is a rare type of rice germplasm with various health benefits that are largely attributed to anthocyanin pigment accumulation in the pericarps. The anthocyanin biosynthesis in plant tissues is activated mainly by the MBW complexes, consisting of three types of transcription factors R2R3-MYB, bHLH, and WDR. In black rice, the bHLH and WDR components regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in pericarps have been characterized, while the R2R3-MYB factor remains unknown. By examining the expression correlation between all putative rice MYB genes and anthocyanin biosynthesis–related genes based on transcriptome data of pericarps in combination with further molecular and genetic analysis, we proved that OsMYB3 (LOC_Os03g29614) was the determinant R2R3-MYB gene for anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice pericarps. The expression level of OsMYB3 in pericarps of black rice was significantly higher than that of white rice. The knockout of OsMYB3 in a black rice variety caused significant downregulation of 19 anthocyanin metabolites and many other flavonoids in grains. Our research deepens the understanding of regulatory system for anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice pericarps and provides implications for breeding black rice varieties with high anthocyanin level.

OsMYB3 is a R2R3-MYB gene responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis in black rice

Zn deficiency is one of the leading public health problems in the world. Staple food crop, such as rice, cannot provide enough Zn to meet the daily dietary requirement because Zn in grain would chelate with phytic acid, which resulted in low Zn bioavailability. Breeding new rice varieties with high Zn bioavailability will be an effective, economic and sustainable strategy to alleviate human Zn deficiency. The high Zn density mutant LLZ was crossed with the low phytic acid mutant Os-lpa-XS110–1, and the contents of Zn and phytic acid in the brown rice were determined for the resulting progenies grown at different sites. Among the hybrid progenies, the double mutant always displayed significantly higher Zn content and lower phytic acid content in grain, leading to the lowest molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn under all environments. As assessed by in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model, the double mutant contained the relatively high content of bioavailable Zn in brown rice. Our findings suggested pyramiding breeding by a combination of high Zn density and low phytic acid is a practical and useful approach to improve Zn bioavailability in rice grain.

/pdf/combination-of-high-zn-density-and-low-phytic-acid-for-rhol4cqjua.pdf

Combination of High Zn Density and Low Phytic Acid for Improving Zn Bioavailability in Rice (Oryza stavia L.) Grain

To investigate the possibility of improving the quality of rice rich in resistant starch through operation of nonstarch polysaccharides, the high dietary fibre (7.24%) mutant cw and its wild‐type R7954 were selected to study the physiochemical characteristics of starch before and after removal of nonstarch polysaccharides. Results showed that hydrolysed or partially hydrolysed nonstarch polysaccharides in cw decreased the resistant starch content significantly, from 15.23% to 10.8%. Nonstarch polysaccharides had significant influences on the gelatinisation temperature, RVA parameters of R7954, but no significant influences on that of cw. For cw, removal of cellulose increased swelling power and adhesiveness, decreased the hardness significantly, from 0.3 to 0.23 N, while the resistant starch content was still as high as 13.72% and showed no significant difference from the wild type. This suggests that the influences of nonstarch polysaccharides on starch properties depend both on the type of rice and the nonstarch polysaccharides. Operation on nonstarch polysaccharides for obtaining rice with lower glycemic index is feasible, but operation on nonstarch polysaccharides may also be an alternative way of improving the palatability for rice high in resistant starch.

Dependence of physiochemical, functional and textural properties of high‐resistant starch rice on endogenous nonstarch polysaccharides

The invention discloses a breeding method of a hybrid rice three-line sterile line with leaves carrying white midribs. The breeding method comprises the steps: with Zhe midrib rice as a male parent and a rice variety of the three-line sterile line as a female parent, selfing after hybridizing to obtain F2; performing selfing on plants with white midribs and excellent characters, which are selected from the F2, performing continuous selfing on plants which have white midribs and excellent characters, are capable of keeping the sterility characteristics of the three-line sterile line, and are selected from the selfed later generation to obtain a hybrid rice three-line maintainer line with leaves carrying white midribs; with the hybrid rice three-line maintainer line as a male parent, performing test crossing with a rice variety of the three-line sterile line; performing back-crossing on sterile plants selected from the later generation obtained through test crossing, and the hybrid rice three-line maintainer line; with the hybrid rice three-line maintainer line as a cycle parent, performing continuous back-crossing on sterile plants with white midribs, which are selected from the later generation and obtained through back-crossing, and the cycle parent to obtain the hybrid rice three-line sterile line with leaves carrying white midribs. In the sterile line obtained by the invention, the marked characters are expressed in the midribs of the leaves only, without influencing the economical characters; hybrids can be simply rejected, and the purity can be identified.

Breeding method of hybrid rice three-line sterile line with leaves carrying white midribs

The invention discloses a polymerization breeding method for rice. The polymerization breeding method for the rice comprises the following steps: selecting and determining a backbone variety of rice, taking four mutant varieties of the backbone variety of the rice as breeding materials, wherein different mutant varieties at least have one different excellent agronomic trait; grouping the four mutant varieties into two groups, mutually hybridizing the two mutant varieties in the first pair to obtain first double-cross F1 plants, and mutually hybridizing the two mutant varieties in the second pair to obtain second double-cross F1 plants; mutually hybridizing the first double-cross F1 plants and the second double-cross F1 plants to obtain four-way-cross F1 plants; carrying out selfing on the four-way-cross F1 plants, selecting four mutant varieties in four-way-cross F2 plants and polymerizing to obtain a single polymerization plant with excellent agronomic trait; and systemically breeding the posterities of the single polymerization plant. The high-speed polymerization breeding method for the rice is simple, convenient and efficient, and is short in breeding period.

Polymerization breeding method for rice

The invention discloses a hybrid rice breeding method. The method comprises the following steps: preparing breeding materials, which comprise sterile lines and restorer lines for seed breeding and N types of mutants from the restorer lines, wherein different mutants have at least one unique excellent agronomic trait; making the restorer lines and N mutants carry out hybrid hybridization with the sterile lines so as to obtain seeds of hybrid rice in (N+1) types; and mixing the different type hybrid rice seeds so as to obtain the hybrid rice seed. The hybrid rice seed obtained by the provided breeding method has the excellent characteristics of disease resistance and high yield. Moreover, the preparation method has the advantages of shorter breeding period, simpleness, and high efficiency.

Hybrid rice seed breeding method

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