Emerging technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) can provide significant potential in Smart Farming and Precision Agriculture applications, enabling the acquisition of real-time environmental data. IoT devices such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be exploited in a variety of applications related to crops management, by capturing high spatial and temporal resolution images. These technologies are expected to revolutionize agriculture, enabling decision-making in days instead of weeks, promising significant reduction in cost and increase in the yield. Such decisions enable the effective application of farm inputs, supporting the four pillars of precision agriculture, i.e., apply the right practice, at the right place, at the right time and with the right quantity. However, the actual proliferation and exploitation of UAVs in Smart Farming has not been as robust as expected mainly due to the challenges confronted when selecting and deploying the relevant technologies, including the data acquisition and image processing methods. The main problem is that still there is no standardized workflow for the use of UAVs in such applications, as it is a relatively new area. In this article, we review the most recent applications of UAVs for Precision Agriculture. We discuss the most common applications, the types of UAVs exploited and then we focus on the data acquisition methods and technologies, appointing the benefits and drawbacks of each one. We also point out the most popular processing methods of aerial imagery and discuss the outcomes of each method and the potential applications of each one in the farming operations.

https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/11/349/pdf

A Review on UAV-Based Applications for Precision Agriculture

Internet of Things (IoT) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are two hot technologies utilized in cultivation fields, which transform traditional farming practices into a new era of precision agriculture. In this paper, we perform a survey of the last research on IoT and UAV technology applied in agriculture. We describe the main principles of IoT technology, including intelligent sensors, IoT sensor types, networks and protocols used in agriculture, as well as IoT applications and solutions in smart farming. Moreover, we present the role of UAV technology in smart agriculture, by analyzing the applications of UAVs in various scenarios, including irrigation, fertilization, use of pesticides, weed management, plant growth monitoring, crop disease management, and field-level phenotyping. Furthermore, the utilization of UAV systems in complex agricultural environments is also analyzed. Our conclusion is that IoT and UAV are two of the most important technologies that transform traditional cultivation practices into a new perspective of intelligence in precision agriculture.

Internet of Things (IoT) and Agricultural Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in smart farming: A comprehensive review

Internet of Things (IoT) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are two hot technologies utilized in cultivation fields, which transform traditional farming practices into a new era of precision agriculture. In this paper, we perform a survey of the last research on IoT and UAV technology applied in agriculture. We describe the main principles of IoT technology, including intelligent sensors, IoT sensor types, networks and protocols used in agriculture, as well as IoT applications and solutions in smart farming. Moreover, we present the role of UAV technology in smart agriculture, by analyzing the applications of UAVs in various scenarios, including irrigation, fertilization, use of pesticides, weed management, plant growth monitoring, crop disease management, and field-level phenotyping. Furthermore, the utilization of UAV systems in complex agricultural environments is also analyzed. Our conclusion is that IoT and UAV are two of the most important technologies that transform traditional cultivation practices into a new perspective of intelligence in precision agriculture. 

A survey of UAV-based data collection: Challenges, solutions and future perspectives

This article introduces a new mobile-based application of modern information and communication technology in agriculture based on Internet of Things (IoT), embedded systems and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The proposed agricultural monitoring system was designed and implemented using Arduino microcontroller boards, Wi-Fi modules, water pumps and electronic environmental sensors, namely temperature, humidity and soil moisture. The role of UAV in this study is to collect these environmental data from different regions of the farm. Then, the quantity of water irrigation is automatically computed for each region in the cloud. Moreover, the developed system can monitor the farm conditions including the water requirements remotely on Android mobile application to guide the farmers. The results of this study demonstrated that our proposed IoT-based embedded system can be effective to avoid unnecessary and wasted water irrigation within the framework of smart agriculture.

A Pilot Study of Smart Agricultural Irrigation using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and IoT-Based Cloud System.

Performance test and parameter optimization of variable spraying liquid fertilizer machine

The invention provides a crop spectral information acquisition device and a crop vegetation index acquisition method. The acquisition device comprises a plane array spectral sensor and two dot array spectral sensors arranged on the left side and the right side of the plane array spectral sensor, wherein the plane array spectral sensor is used for acquiring spectral image information of crop canopies in a plane-shaped area at the lower part of the plane array spectral sensor; the dot array spectral sensors are used for acquiring multiple groups of reflection light signals of crop canopies in multiple dot-shaped areas right below the dot array spectral sensors; each dot-shaped area has a group of reflection light signals; the multiple dot-shaped areas are located in the plane-shaped area. According to the device and the method, through combination of the dot array spectral sensors and the plane array spectral sensor in use, the interference of the soil background on the reflection lightsignals of the crop canopies can be eliminated at a rapider calculation speed, so that the high-accuracy reflection light signals of the crop canopies can be acquired; the more reliable data support is supplied to real-time acquisition of the crop vegetation index.

Crop spectral information acquisition device and crop vegetation index acquisition method

The invention provides a fertilizing device and method, and the device comprises a crop spectrum information collection apparatus, a fertilizing quantity decision making control apparatus, and a fertilizer output apparatus. The crop spectrum information collection apparatus comprises an area array spectrum sensor and two dot matrix spectrum sensors which are disposed at the left and right sides ofthe area array spectrum sensor. The area array spectrum sensor and the dot matrix spectrum sensors are used for collecting the spectrum image information and a plurality of groups of reflection lightsignals of crop canopy. The fertilizing quantity decision making control apparatus is used for obtaining the nitrogen nutrition state information of crops according to the spectrum image informationand the plurality of groups of reflection light signals, deciding the fertilizing quantity information according to the nitrogen nutrition state information of crops, and controlling the fertilizer output apparatus to output a corresponding quantity of fertilizer according to the fertilizing quantity information. The device can achieve the high-precision obtaining of the reflection light signals of the crop canopy, and provides more reliable data support for the fertilizing decision making. Moreover, the device is high in data processing speed, is good in real-time performance, and is high insignal to noise ratio.

Fertilizing device and method

Development of Visualization System for Agricultural UAV Crop Growth Information Collection

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Papers

Performance test and parameter optimization of variable spraying liquid fertilizer machine

Crop spectral information acquisition device and crop vegetation index acquisition method

Fertilizing device and method

Development of Visualization System for Agricultural UAV Crop Growth Information Collection