Increasing attention has been drawn to carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion into higher-value platform chemicals and synthetic fuels due to global warming. These reactions require a large amount of thermal energy in order to proceed, which is ascribable to the high stability of the bonds in CO2. Non-thermal plasma (NTP)-catalytic CO2 conversion has emerged as a promising method to significantly reduce the reaction temperature as plasma can activate CO2 at as low as room temperature and atmosphere pressure. However, this technology requires a paradigm shift in process design to enhance plasma-catalytic performance. CO2 conversion using plasma-catalysis has great potential to increase reaction efficiencies due to the synergetic effects between the plasma and catalysts. It is crucial to present the recent progress in CO2 conversion and utilization whilst providing a research prospects framework and direction for future research in both industries and laboratories. Herein, a comprehensive review of recent, encouraging research achievements in CO2 conversion using NTP is provided. The topics reviewed in this work are: i) the recent progress in different NTP sources in relation to product selectivity, conversion, and energy efficiency; ii) plasma-based CO2 reactions and applications; iii) CO2 conversion integrated with CO2 capture; and iv) current challenges and future perspectives. The high market value of the possible products from this process, including chemicals and fuels, make commercialization of the process feasible. Furthermore, the selectivities of these products can be further improved by developing suitable catalysts with effective sensitivities and performances under the intricate conditions needed to make these products. There is an urgent need for further studies to be performed in this emerging field.

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A Review of Non-Thermal Plasma Technology: A novel solution for CO2 conversion and utilization

Post plasma-assisted catalysis for toluene degradation using nanosecond pulsed multistage sliding dielectric barrier discharge (multi-SLDBD) plasma over a series of CoOx-CeO2 catalysts has been studied at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. Several characterization methods including BET, XRD, SEM, HRTEM, XPS, and H2-TPR have been utilized to evaluate the influence of Co/Ce molar ratio on the catalyst physiochemical properties. When the multi-SLDBD plasma was combined with catalyst, an obvious improvement could be obtained in toluene degradation efficiency compared to plasma alone even at low SIE. The incorporation of Ce into Co oxides presented higher catalytic activity for toluene degradation and mineralization than Co oxide, which can be ascribed to higher content of surface-adsorbed oxygen (Oads) derived from oxygen vacancy and better catalyst reducibility. The ozone concentration remarkably decreased after the introduction of catalysts, especially for CoOx-CeO2 catalysts. The key process parameters including pulsed power, gaseous hourly space velocity (GHSV), relative humidity (RH), and oxygen content were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) integrated central composite design (CCD). The proposed optimization model displayed satisfactory correlation between the predicted and experimental results. GHSV was the most significant parameter affecting the energy yield, whereas the COx selectivity was mainly influenced by the pulsed power. Besides, the possible toluene degradation pathway in plasma-catalysis over CoOx-CeO2 was proposed according to the identification of gaseous intermediates and organic aerosol using FT-IR and GC-MS.

Enhanced catalytic performance of CoOx-CeO2 for synergetic degradation of toluene in multistage sliding plasma system through response surface methodology (RSM)

CO2 (dry) reforming of CH4 (DRM) reaction is an attractive measure to not only mitigate the environmental problems such as global warming but also produce the syngas as feedstock for liquid fuel production. Great achievements have been made in various DRM processes such as thermally-driven DRM, plasma-assisted DRM and solar-driven DRM together with the corresponding catalyst design strategies. Herein, the merits and demerits of these three processes as well as these design strategies are compared and analyzed. We start with thermally-driven DRM which accounts for the large majority of researches being reported in the recent five years (2016–2020). Four typical measures to achieve sintering and carbon resistant catalysts including designing catalysts with strong MSI, bimetallic catalysts, layered doubled hydroxide catalysts and core shell structured catalysts are summarized. Thereafter, for plasma-assisted DRM, the effect of operating parameters to the performance of classical plasma reactors as well as the influence of different packing materials for these packed plasma reactors are analyzed. After this, for solar-driven DRM, the application and design of solar reactors are discussed for solar thermocatalysis, which is followed by the discussion of solar photocatalysis and hybrid photothermo catalysis. Finally, we propose potential challenges and research directions of these three processes to give a comprehensive understanding of DRM reaction.

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Nanosecond pulsed plasma assisted dry reforming of CH4: The effect of plasma operating parameters

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Nanosecond pulsed plasma assisted dry reforming of CH4: The effect of plasma operating parameters