Three-dimensional (3D) photocatalysts with a network structure are presently attracting enormous research interests due to their excellent properties, such as a high specific surface area, high adsorptive capacity, high structure stability, low gas resistance and a large number of exposed active sites, which suggest it could act as a promising candidate for solar energy conversion or environmental pollution elimination. This review first introduces the limiting factors for the photocatalytic efficiency of such photocatalysts and the corresponding solutions. Then, the superiorities of 3D network photocatalysts are highlighted. Importantly, we summarize the most common 3D photocatalysts and their synthetic strategies. Furthermore, the most important applications, including solar energy storage and conversion and photocatalytic pollutant degradation, are also discussed. Finally, this review presents some perspectives concerning the challenges and new directions of 3D photocatalysts with a network structure.

Three-dimensional photocatalysts with a network structure

An electrochemically active material including composite particles that each include a graphene-based material shell surrounding nanoparticles of a core material. The composite particles may include a BET surface area of less than about 75 m2/g. The electrochemically active material may be formed into an electrode incoporated within a lithium ion electrochemical cell.

Graphene-encapsulated electroactive material for use in a lithium ion electrochemical cell

In this study, we have investigated the resistive switching behavior of multi-stacked PVA/GO + PVA composite/PVA insulating layer-based RRAM (resistive random-access memory) as the annealing temperature of the insulating layer was varied between 100 °C, 150 °C, and 200 °C. The fabricated RRAM device with a multi-stacked insulating layer annealed at 200 °C showed relatively good switching properties with a high on/off ratio (∼104) and low VSET (3.5 ± 0.29 V) and VRESET (−1.81 ± 0.10 V), which were uniformly distributed over 100 DC sweep cycles. In terms of reliability, multi-stacked insulating layer-based RRAM devices exhibited good retention (>2 × 103 s) and DC sweep endurance (>80) due to the enhanced stability of the insulating layer by good dispersion and the thermal treatment. The conduction mechanisms of the device at low resistance state (LRS) and high resistance state (HRS) were analyzed through Ohmic conduction LRS and Poole-Frenkel emission of HRS, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated the filamentary switching mechanism of resistive switching in our proposed devices.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6641/ab1403/pdf

Resistive switching behaviour of multi-stacked PVA/graphene oxide + PVA composite/PVA insulating layer-based RRAM devices

Resorcinol-formaldehyde based polymer hydrogels with various graphene oxide (GO) content were synthesized using Na2CO3 as catalyst at pH=6 conditions. After supercritical drying they were converted to carbon aerogels in nitrogen atmosphere. The heat treatment not only pyrolysed the polymer gel, but also reduced GO. The GO added varied within 0-14% related to the mass of resorcinol which resulted in the reinforcement of the polymer matrix. The texture of the polymer and the carbon aerogels were characterized and compared in the nanoscale using SEM and TEM imaging, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and low temperature nitrogen adsorption measurements. The transition from polymer to carbon state was studied by thermogravimetry. In agreement with reference works in the GO range studied the morphology was not affected by the GO content either in the polymer or in the carbon form. The direct current (DC) conductivity however linearly increased with the added GO and already 10 % doubled the conductivity of the plain carbon aerogel.

/pdf/influence-of-graphene-oxide-incorporation-on-resorcinol-5gpmwrr6fm.pdf

Influence of Graphene Oxide Incorporation on Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Polymer and Carbon Aerogels

Exploitation of the synergistic effect between surface and bulk defects in ultra-small N-doped titanium suboxides for enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Graphene oxide foams with a wide range of poly (vinyl alcohol) contents were synthesized by freeze casting, and then thermally reduced at 300oC in argon atmosphere. Their thermal stability, microstructure, composition and chemical states of constituents, mechanical and electrical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, compressive testing and electrochemical analysis. The results indicated that the PVA content highly influenced the crystallinity and microstructure, resulting in different mechanical properties. After thermal reduction, not only graphene oxide was reduced to graphene, but also PVA was subjected to partial pyrolysis. With the increase of the PVA content, the intensity of the sp2 C-C bond decreased while the sp3 C-C bond increased. Although the mechanical properties decreased after thermal reduction, the composite foams still showed high cyclic structure stability up to 18 % compression strain. Meanwhile, the reduced foams exhibited high electrical conductivity. Applying as anodes in lithium ion battery, the initial discharge capacity for the foams can reach 1822 mA h g-1 and it remained more than 330 mA h g-1 after 50 cycles.

/pdf/structure-mechanical-and-electrochemical-properties-of-29l6616pzu.pdf

Structure, Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide-poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Foams

The invention discloses a three-dimensional porous lithium ion battery anode material of a graphene composite material and a preparation method of the lithium ion battery anode material. The preparation method of the three-dimensional porous lithium ion battery anode material comprises the following steps: dissolving oxidized graphene, semiconductor nanoparticles and polyvinyl alcohol into water, and mixing the raw materials evenly; carrying out freeze drying on the mixture obtained from the previous step in a mold, and obtaining a solid oxidized graphene/semiconductor nanoparticle/polyvinyl alcohol three-dimensional porous nano-material; carrying out thermal treatment reduction on the product which is obtained from the previous step, restoring the electrical conductivity of the product, and obtaining a high-elasticity solid oxidized graphene/semiconductor nanoparticle/polyvinyl alcohol three-dimensional porous graphene composite material; and cutting the material obtained from the previous step into slices to serve as the anode material assembling battery of a lithium ion battery, and obtaining the three-dimensional porous lithium ion battery anode material of the graphene composite material. According to the three-dimensional porous lithium ion battery anode material disclosed by the invention, the electrical conductivity of the graphene material can be restored; the three-dimensional porous lithium ion battery anode material has a three-dimensional continuous conductive network and the cycling stability; and the mechanical property of the material can be adjusted.

Three-dimensional porous lithium ion battery anode material of graphene composite material and preparation method of three-dimensional porous lithium ion battery anode material

The invention discloses a method for preparing a lithium-ion battery negative electrode material with a three-dimensional porous structure. The method comprises the steps of firstly, preparing stannic oxide/glycan complex clusters by a hydrothermal method; then solving the clusters in mixed solution of water and ethanol and adding sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol successively into the solution, mixing the mixed solution uniformly, then adding low-concentration aqueous solution of graphene oxide into the solution, continuously stirring the solution at 50-70 DEG C for 12 hours, dripping the uniformly mixed solution into a silicone mould and freezing the solution from top to bottom by liquid nitrogen, demoulding the sample, and then placing the sample in a freezing drying box until the sample is thoroughly lyophilized; and finally calcining the obtained product at 350-550 DEG C for 2-4 hours. An amorphous carbon/stannic oxide/graphene nano-composite material prepared by the invention has a three-dimensional porous structure. Due to the excellent structural characteristics of the product, when used as a negative electrode material of a lithium-ion battery, the product shows very high capacity per gram, excellent rate capability and cycle stability.

Method for preparing lithium-ion battery negative electrode material with three-dimensional porous structure

A series of three dimensional (3D) porous TiO2–graphene (TGR) hydrogel samples with different mass ratio of graphene to TiO2 were obtained using a one-step hydrothermal method. Their microstructure, mechanical properties, and photocatalytic activity were investigated. The TGR samples exhibited well defined interconnected 3D porous network microstructure and good mechanical strength. Moreover, the pore size and the compressive strength could be easily adjusted by changing the content of TiO2, showing a decreasing tendency with the increase of the relative content of TiO2. The results of the photodegradation of methylene blue indicated that the photocatalytic activity of the TGR samples can be significantly enhanced, compared to the pure TiO2 nanoparticles. The TGR sample also showed good durability and reusability. The mechanisms resulting in the improvement of photocatalytic activity were investigated with DRS, PL spectra, and adsorption experiment under dark conditions. It was found that adsorption is the dominant factor for the enhanced photocatalytic activity.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/3/7/075602/pdf

Effects of TiO2 content on the microstructure, mechanical properties and photocatalytic activity of three dimensional TiO2–Graphene composite prepared by hydrothermal reaction

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Structure, Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide-poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Foams

Three-dimensional porous lithium ion battery anode material of graphene composite material and preparation method of three-dimensional porous lithium ion battery anode material

Method for preparing lithium-ion battery negative electrode material with three-dimensional porous structure

Effects of TiO2 content on the microstructure, mechanical properties and photocatalytic activity of three dimensional TiO2–Graphene composite prepared by hydrothermal reaction