抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Thank you for reading electrodynamics of continuous media. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their chosen books like this electrodynamics of continuous media, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some malicious bugs inside their computer. electrodynamics of continuous media is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our book servers saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the electrodynamics of continuous media is universally compatible with any devices to read.

Electrodynamics Of Continuous Media

Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a versatile microfluidics technology that has significant application potential in the areas of automation and miniaturization. In DMF, discrete droplets containing samples and reagents are controlled to implement a series of operations via electrowetting-on-dielectric. This process works by applying electrical potentials to an array of electrodes coated with a hydrophobic dielectric layer. Unlike microchannels, DMF facilitates precise control over multiple reaction processes without using complex pump, microvalve, and tubing networks. DMF also presents other distinct features, such as portability, less sample consumption, shorter chemical reaction time, flexibility, and easier combination with other technology types. Due to its unique advantages, DMF has been applied to a broad range of fields (e.g., chemistry, biology, medicine, and environment). This study reviews the basic principles of droplet actuation, configuration design, and fabrication of the DMF device, as well as discusses the latest progress in DMF from the biochemistry perspective.

Digital microfluidics: A promising technique for biochemical applications

Integrating microfluidics with biosensors is of great research interest with the increasing trend of lab-on-the chip and point-of-care devices. Though there have been numerous studies performed relating microfluidics to the biosensing mechanisms, the study of the sensitivity variation due to microfluidic flow is very much limited. In this paper, the sensitivity of interdigitated electrodes was evaluated at the static drop condition and the microfluidic flow condition. In addition, this study demonstrates the use of gold nanoparticles to enhance the sensor signal response and provides experimental results of the capacitance difference during cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) antigen–antibody conjugation at multiple concentrations of CA-125 antigens. The experimental results also provide evidence of disease-specific detection of CA-125 antigen at multiple concentrations with the increase in capacitive signal response proportional to the concentration of the CA-125 antigens. The capacitive signal response of antigen–antibody conjugation on interdigitate electrodes has been enhanced by approximately 2.8 times (from 260.80 to 736.33 pF at 20 kHz frequency) in static drop condition and approximately 2.5 times (from 205.85 to 518.48 pF at 20 kHz frequency) in microfluidic flow condition with gold nanoparticle-coating. The capacitive signal response is observed to decrease at microfluidic flow condition at both plain interdigitated electrodes (from 260.80 to 205.85 pF at 20 kHz frequency) and gold nano particle coated interdigitated electrodes (from 736.33 to 518.48 pF at 20 kHz frequency), due to the strong shear effect compared to static drop condition. However, the microfluidic channel in the biosensor has the potential to increase the signal to noise ratio due to plasma separation from the whole blood and lead to the increase concentration of the biomarkers in the blood volume for sensing.

/pdf/detection-of-cancer-antigens-ca-125-using-gold-nano-1iucwde9w9.pdf

Detection of cancer antigens (CA-125) using gold nano particles on interdigitated electrode-based microfluidic biosensor

http://libna.mntl.illinois.edu/pdf/publications/210_Dak.pdf

Droplet-based Biosensing for Lab-on-a-Chip, Open Microfluidics Platforms.

In electric-field-mediated droplet microfluidics, there are two distinct architectures – closed systems using parallel-plate electrodes and open systems using coplanar electrodes fabricated on an open substrate. An architecture combining both closed and open systems on a chip would facilitate many of the chemical and biological processes now envisioned for the laboratory on a chip. To accomplish such an integration requires a means to move droplets back and forth between the two. This paper presents an investigation of the requirements for such manipulation of both water and oil droplets. The required wetting conditions for a droplet to cross the open/closed boundary is revealed by a force balance analysis and predictions of this model are compared to experimental results. Water droplets can be moved between closed and open systems by electrowetting actuation; droplet detachment from the upper plate is facilitated by the use of beveled edge. The force model predicts that driving an oil droplet from a closed to an open structure requires an oleophobic surface. This prediction has been tested and confirmed using silicon wafers made oleophobic by re-entrant microstructures etched into the surface.

Moving droplets between closed and open microfluidic systems.

This paper presents an electrical actuation scheme of dielectric droplet by negative liquid dielectrophoresis. A general model of lumped parameter electromechanics for evaluating the electromechanical force acting on the droplets is established. The model reveals the influence of actuation voltage, device geometry, and dielectric parameter on the actuation force for both conductive and dielectric medium. Using this model, we compare the actuation forces for four liquid combinations in the parallel-plate geometry and predict the low voltage actuation of dielectric droplets by negative dielectrophoresis. Parallel experimental results demonstrate such electric actuation of dielectric droplets, including droplet transport, splitting, merging, and dispending. All these dielectric droplet manipulations are achieved at voltages < 100 Vrms . The frequency dependence of droplet actuation velocity in aqueous solution is discussed and the existence of surfactant molecules is believed to play an important role by realigning with the AC electric field. Finally, we present coplanar manipulation of oil and water droplets and formation of oil-in-water emulsion droplet by applying the same low voltage.

Electrical actuation of dielectric droplets by negative liquid dielectrophoresis

The invention discloses a micro-fluid mixing device with an electrowetting threshold gate and a control method thereof. Mixed control of micro-fluid is realized by arranging the electrowetting threshold gate in a hydrophilic micro-fluid channel. When fluid flows to a hydrophobic electrode, as the common action of a medium layer and a PDMS micro-column array, the fluid can stop flowing at the edgeof the hydrophobic electrode. At the moment, if a very low voltage is loaded, the hydrophobic electrode is converted into a hydrophilic state due to the action of electrowetting, and the micro-fluid can realize mixing. The micro-fluid channel is hydrophilic, so that the fluid flowing in the micro-fluid channel automatically flows and is not required external force due to the action of capillary force. The micro-fluid mixing device with the electrowetting threshold gate and the control method thereof have the advantages that extra infusion pumps are not required, and a micro-fluid control device structure is simplified. The micro-fluid mixing device with the electrowetting threshold gate has wide application prospects in the fields of chemical analysis, biological medicine and the like.

Micro-fluid mixing device with electrowetting threshold gate and control method thereof

In droplet-based microfluidics, two different types of microsystems are used for droplet manipulation covered systems based on parallel-plate devices, and open systems based on single-plate devices Ejecting droplets from covered systems into an open system is an essential operation to build a complete analysis system combining the advantages of both covered and open systems This paper presents theoretical study and experimental results for ejecting a water and/or oil droplet from a covered into an open system We use a force analysis method to determine the condition required for a droplet to cross the open/covered edge and demonstrate droplet movements using electric actuation A bevelled edge structure is developed to facilitate the final liquid-solid separation process, greatly reducing the required actuation voltage

Droplet Ejection and Liquid-solid Separation from Covered Microfluidic Systems

The invention discloses an electrowetting valve on a microfluidic paper chip and a control method of the electrowetting valve. A hydrophilic electrode and a hydrophobic electrode are arranged in a substrate, and on-off control of a microfluid is realized by use of the capillary phenomenon and the electrowetting principle. When the microfluid flows to the hydrophobic electrode, the microfluid can stop flowing on the edge of the hydrophobic electrode. At the moment, if very low voltage is loaded, a liquid on the hydrophobic electrode turns to be in a hydrophilic state under the action of electrowetting, the liquid can easily flow through, and on-off control of the microfluid is realized. The microfluidic paper chip is hydrophilic, so that the flowing liquid can automatically flow under the action of capillary force without external force. The electrowetting valve has the advantages of being simple in structure and easy to manufacture, additional auxiliary devices are not required, and the valve structure is simplified. The electrowetting valve on the microfluidic paper chip has broad application prospects in the fields of chemistry analysis, biomedicine and the like.

Electrowetting valve on microfluidic paper chip and control method of electrowetting valve

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Wang Weiqiang

Author Tools

Chat about Author