The bark beetles Ips pini, I. perroti, and /. grandicollis are sympatric in pine forests of the north- central United States. They share the same limited phlo- em resource and often coexist within the same host trees. We tested whether phloem resources are partitioned in time and space by measuring spatial and seasonal coloni- zation of logs. Differences among species in flight phe- nology, development time, voltinism, and spatial coloni- zation patterns within logs reduce, but do not eliminate, species overlap. The bark beetle species share pr?dation by Thanasimus dubius (Cleridae) and Platysoma cilin- drica (Histeridae), which exploit pheromone signals for prey location. We employed pheromone traps to test for chemical communication among bark beetle species. Heterospecific signals tend to be deterrents when they are added to conspecific signals but attractants when they are alone, indicating that the communication system can both reduce and increase species overlap in resource use depending upon relative abundance of the species. Deterrence by heterospecific signals is probably a result of selection for minimizing interspecific competition. However, individuals may sometimes benefit from join- ing aggregations of other species because of (1) predator swamping, (2) improved success in attacking live trees, and (3) location of suitable, recently dead, trees. These benefits should be greatest for males (which locate and colonize host trees before signalling females) and indeed males tended to be more attracted than females by het- erospecific signals. Shared resources, shared predators, and heterospecific pheromone communication all con- tribute to species interactions in this guild of bark bee- tles, but predicting whether the removal of one species will tend to increase or decrease the abundance of re- maining species remains difficult. Species interactions are likely conditional and coexistence is probably pro- moted by benefits to rare species of multispecies associ- ations.

Resource partitioning and overlap in three sympatric species

Economic insect fauna of China. Fasc. 17. Acarina: Gamasina.

The genus Tomicus includes eight species distributed in Europe and/or Asia, with one of them (T. piniperda) having been introduced to North America. Tomicus are monogamous and univoltine species that develop on pines, except for one species that feeds on Picea. Their life cycle alternates between reproductive attacks on stem and sexual maturation in shoots. A species identification key, the phylogenetic tree, and the host ranges are presented. Only the biology of three European species and one Asian species is known sufficiently in detail. They are associated with a large diversity of organisms under the bark of the host tree and whenever possible their role is discussed. They are generally unable to overcome the resistance of healthy trees and thus develop on very weak or recently killed trees, but they can cause considerable damage to shoots, thus sometimes becoming a weakening factor. Factors affecting population abundances and host susceptibility are discussed. Finally, economic and ecological impacts are presented, followed by population management aspects.

Chapter 10 – The Genus Tomicus

We compared the antennae of two sibling bark beetle species, Dendroctonus rhizophagus Thomas and Bright and Dendroctonus valens LeConte, to identify biologically and taxonomically relevant differences. Specifically, we characterized the diversity of sensilla types by using environmental scanning electron microscopy, quantified the abundance and distribution of the different types of sensilla on the antennal club, and characterized club shape through multivariate and geometric morphometric analyses. We identified four classes of sensilla in both species: chaetica, fluted, trichodea (three distinct types), and basiconica (long and short). ANOVA and MANOVA demonstrated that the number and distribution of sensilla with the potential for chemoreception (i.e., short and long basiconica) differed between species and sexes. Notably, the long sensilla basiconica in the third sensory band were clustered in D. rhizophagus but not in D. valens. Geometric morphometric analysis using 27 landmarks showed that antennal club shape differed significantly between the two species and was not correlated with antennal size. The shape differences were associated with the number and distribution of sensilla.

https://bioone.org/journals/annals-of-the-entomological-society-of-america/volume-107/issue-6/AN14069/Comparative-Study-of-the-Antennae-of-Dendroctonus-rhizophagus-and-Dendroctonus/10.1603/AN14069.pdf

Comparative Study of the Antennae of Dendroctonus rhizophagus and Dendroctonus valens (Curculionidae: Scolytinae): Sensilla Types, Distribution and Club Shape

Eriborus applititus Sheng & Sun (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is a specialist parasitoid of the small carpenter moth Holcocerus insularis Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). Each year damages to trees caused by H. insularis lead to extensive economic and ecological losses. E. applititus is thus a promising candidate for use as a biocontrol agent against H. insularis. To investigate the means by which E. applititus locates and parasitizes H. insularis, we used scanning electron microscopy to determine the morphology and distribution of sensilla on antenna, ovipositor and leg of male and female E. applititus. Eight different sensilla types were found: sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, sensilla placodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla pit basiconica, sensilla campaniformia and Bohm's bristles. The sensilla types were differently distributed in the three organs. In addition, differences between sexes were found in the distribution of sensilla trichodea type 2, sensilla placodea and sensilla chaetica type 4. Putative functions of the sensilla are discussed based on the morphological and location data and on previous research. Chemosensitive sensilla are putatively involved in host detection, pheromone detection and host discrimination processes. Mechanoreceptive sensilla likely function as vibrational sensors and are thought to be critical for accurate ovipositor positioning.

Sensilla on antenna, ovipositor and leg of Eriborus applicitus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid wasp of Holcocerus insularis staudinger (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)

KEY WORDS Tomicus; sensilla; morphology; ultrastructure; chemoreceptors;mechanoreceptorsABSTRACT The antennal morphology and sensilla ultrastructure of Tomicus yunnanensis,T. minor, and T. brevipilosus were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission elec-tron microscopy. Eight common sensilla types were recorded: (1) sensilla trichodea (S.tr.) types 1and 2 were located on the club and were innervated by ﬁve and eight dendrites, respectively; (2)sensilla chaetica (S.ch.) types 1 and 2 had no dendrites in the sensilla lymph lumen; (3) sensillabasiconica (S.b.), top-protuberated S.b. and ﬂuted cones (Fl.c.) occurred on the club; and Bo¨hm bris-tles (B.b.) occurred on the funicle. S.b. were the most abundant and were innervated by 10–14 den-dritic branches. Top-protuberated S.b., a new sensilla type, were innervated by one dendrite. Fl.c.were innervated by ﬁve dendrites. Only three sensilla furcatea were visible on the antennae offemale T. yunnanensis. The possible functions of these sensilla are discussed in relation to theirmorphology and ultrastructure. No statistical differences between sexes were found in the size andnumbers of each sensilla type. Although the three species had similar antennal morphology andsensilla type, sensilla on sub-segments 3 and 4 of the antennal club of T. minor were much sparserthan those of T. yunnanensis or T. brevipilosus. Concerning the antennae of T. yunnanensis, therewere more S.tr. type 2, S.ch. type 2 and S.b. and the size of S.tr. type 1 and S.b. were signiﬁcantlygreater than those of T. minor. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:1672–1681, 2012.

Antennal morphology and sensilla ultrastructure of three Tomicus species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae).

Research Highlights: We found that the initial attack location together with the aggregation pheromones played an important role in mediating the aggressive behavior of T. brevipilosus on P. kesiya. Background and Objectives: T. brevipilosus was identified as an aggressive species, which possesses the ability to kill live, healthy P. kesiya. In this scenario, we study the top-down attack pattern of T. brevipilosus on P. kesiya during the entirety of the reproductive period. Materials and Methods: We investigated the phenology of trunk attack on P. kesiya over a period of three years in Pu’er City, China. The hindguts extracts of the females and males T. brevipilosus were analyzed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The candidate aggregation pheromone compounds of T. brevipilosus were determined through electrophysiology experiments (electroantennographic detection, EAD and electroantennography, EAG), laboratory olfactometer bioassays, and field trapping. Results: we found that the pioneer beetles preferentially infested the crown of P. kesiya at the early stage of attack following spring flight with the later arriving beetles selectively attacking the lower area of the trunk to avoid intraspecific competition and better utilize limited resources, which exhibits a top-down attack pattern. During gallery initiation, the beetles release aggregation pheromones to attract conspecifics to conduct a mass attack. The chemical analyses indicated that the hindgut extracts of gallery-initiating beetles contained a larger amount of myrtenol, cis-verbenol, trans-verbenol, and verbenone. Myrtenol and trans-verbenol were identified as candidate aggregation pheromone compounds. In addition, a blend of these two components with S-(−)-α-pinene and S-(−)-β-pinene attracted more T. brevipilosus individuals in a field bioassay. Conclusions: We concluded that the preference for the initial attack location together with the aggregation pheromones played an important role in mediating the top-down attack pattern of T. brevipilosus on P. kesiya.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/2/156/pdf

Initial Location Preference Together with Aggregation Pheromones Regulate the Attack Pattern of Tomicus brevipilosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Pinus kesiya

The invention discloses an attractant of tomicus yunnanensis. The attractant comprises one or more of the following components: S-(-)-alpha-pinene, 1R-(+)-alpha-pinene, myrcene, (+)-camphene, (-)-camphene, alpha-terpinene, (+)-3-carene, (1s)-(-)-beta-pinene, (-)-limonene, (+)-limonene, (-)-Myrteneol, (s)-cis-verbenol, (-)-trans-verbenol and Cuparene. According to the attractant disclosed by the invention, the attractant containing a host and polypide volatile matter is utilized for attract tomicus yunnanensis massively, so that the tomicus yunnanensis is gathered in a certain device and then is killed; the attractant has the advantages of low cost, high efficiency, complete environmental friendliness, safety to people and livestock, incapability of generating drug resistance to insects and the like, so that the traditional passive chemical prevention and treatment can be replaced by active biological prevention and treatment; meanwhile, the aims of monitoring and forecasting the forestry insect pests can be achieved according to the amount of tomicus yunnanensis in the attractant.

Attractant of tomicus yunnanensis

The invention discloses application of monoterpene and monoterpene alcohol as attractants of tomicus minor hartig consi and an attractant of tomicus minor hartig. One or more of the following components act as the application of the attractant of tomicus minor hartig consi: S-(-)-alpha-pinene, IR-(+)-alpha-pinene, myrcene, (+)-camphenee, (-)-camphene, alpha-terpinene, (+)-3-carnene, (1s)-(-)-beta-pinene, (-)-limonene, (+)-limonene, (-)-Myrtenol, (s)-cis-verbenol, (-)-trans-verbenol and cuparene.

Components and formula of attractant of tomicus minor hartig

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Papers

Antennal morphology and sensilla ultrastructure of three Tomicus species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae).

Initial Location Preference Together with Aggregation Pheromones Regulate the Attack Pattern of Tomicus brevipilosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Pinus kesiya

Attractant of tomicus yunnanensis

Components and formula of attractant of tomicus minor hartig