Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been extensively used in microplastic (MP) pollution research since 2004. The aim of this review is to discuss and highlight the recent advances i...

Contributions of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in microplastic pollution research: A review

Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) has great potential within environmental analysis. This technique is mainly used for the chemical identification of macromolecules that cannot be characterized by either liquid or gas chromatography due to their big size. Through pyrolysis (controlled thermal degradation), these macromolecules are broken down into simpler molecules that can be separated by gas chromatography and detected by mass spectrometry. This technique has been traditionally used in environmental samples for the characterization of organic matter and humic substances, contaminants, lignins, etc. It attains the identification of the different types of chemical units that integrate the macromolecules. In addition, recently, this technique has experienced an important boom in the chemical characterization of microplastics present in environmental samples. This has triggered its use in this type of matrix. We describe the fundamentals and modalities of Py-GC-MS and outline some of the recent applications for the environmental analysis with special emphasis on humic substances and/or other types of organic matter components as well as microplastics, but reporting also other interesting application of environmental relevance.

Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in environmental analysis: Focus on organic matter and microplastics

The pervasiveness of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems has become a major environmental issue in recent years. The gradual dumping of plastic wastes, inadequate standard detection methods with specific removal techniques, and slow disposal rate of microplastics make it ubiquitous in the environment. Evidence shows that microplastics act as a potential vector by adsorbing different heavy metals, pathogens, and other chemical additives widely used in different raw plastic production. Microplastics are ingested by aquatic creatures such as fish and different crustaceans, and finally, people ingest them at the tertiary level of the food chain. This phenomenon is responsible for blocking the digestion tracts, disturbing the digestive behavior, finally decreasing the reproductive growth of entire living organisms. Because of these consequences, microplastics have become an increasing concern as a newly emerging potential threat, and therefore, the control of microplastics in aquatic media is required. This paper provides a critical analysis of existing and newly developed methods for detecting and separating microplastics from discharged wastewater, which are the ultimate challenges in the microplastic treatment systems. A critical study on the effect of microplastics on aquatic organisms and human health is also discussed. Thus, this analysis provides a complete understanding of entire strategies for detecting and removing microplastics and their associated issues to ensure a waste discharge standard to minimize the ultimate potential impact in aquatic environments.

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Detection and removal of microplastics in wastewater: evolution and impact.

Microplastic pollution is a recently discovered threat to ecosystems requiring the development of new analytical methods. Here, we review classical and advanced methods for microplastic analysis. Methods include visual analysis, laser diffraction particle, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis, mass spectrometry, aptamer and in vitro selection, and flow cytometry. 

/pdf/analytical-methods-for-microplastics-in-the-environment-a-1e898vv0.pdf

Analytical methods for microplastics in the environment: a review

A methodological approach of the current literature on microplastic contamination in terrestrial environments: Current knowledge and baseline considerations.

Characterization of microplastics in environment by thermal gravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

The invention discloses a pretreatment method for identifying micro plastic in seafood products. The pretreatment method comprises the following steps: putting a seafood product or soft tissue of the seafood product into a culture dish, and performing vacuum drying for 3-6 hours at 35-45 DEG C so as to obtain sample to be treated; putting a certain amount of the sample into a flask, and putting an acid mixed solution of HCLO-4 and H2O2 into the flask; heating the flask on a heating plate of 45-55 DEG C, recording the time and observed phenomena when the state of the sample inside the flask is changed, and heating till the sample inside the flask is completely dissolved; cooling to the room temperature, performing ultrasonic treatment, and performing floating separation; moistening and washing micro plastic granules obtained through floating separation, drying naturally, putting into a glass test tube, and detecting by using an FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum), thereby identifying the structure and the type of the micro plastic. The pretreatment method is simple and reasonable to operate, instrument equipment used in the method is simple to operate and easy to observe, and a reasonable and effective method is provided for solving the problem of micro plastic upon environment and food security closely related to living of people.

Pretreatment method for identifying micro plastic in seafood product

The invention discloses a separation method of submicron microplastic at water environment or in marine products. The separation method comprises following steps: sodium dodecyl sulfate is added intoa sample liquid for uniform ultrasonic dispersion, an obtained mixture is allowed to stand so as to obtain three layers including a suspension layer, a solution layer, and a precipitation layer from top to bottom, the middle solution layer is removed through siphoning, and a leftover is collected; 2 to 3 volume times of absolute ethyl alcohol is added into the leftover, ultrasonic treatment is carried out, an obtained product is allowed to standing so as to obtain two layers, an upper solution layer is removed through siphoning, and a lower layer substance is collected; the collected lower layer substance is introduced into a flat bottom vessel, 1 to 3 volume times of absolute ethyl alcohol is added for uniform mixing, an obtained mixed material is allowed to standing so as to obtain two layers, an obtained upper layer liquid is removed via suction, and at last natural air drying is carried out so as to obtain the submicron microplastic in the sample liquid through separation. The separation method can be used for rapid, accurate separation extraction of submicron microplastic particles in samples; pumping filtration, centrifugation, or drying is not needed; operation is simple; cost is low; and technology support is provided for subsequent accurate quantitative determination.

Separation method of submicron microplastic at water environment or in marine products

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Characterization of microplastics in environment by thermal gravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Pretreatment method for identifying micro plastic in seafood product

Separation method of submicron microplastic at water environment or in marine products