This Review summarizes recent progress in the development of polymer solar cells. It covers the scientific origins and basic properties of polymer solar cell technology, material requirements and device operation mechanisms, while also providing a synopsis of major achievements in the field over the past few years. Potential future developments and the applications of this technology are also briefly discussed.

Polymer solar cells

The field of chemical sensing is becoming ever more dependent upon novel materials. Polymers, crystals, glasses, particles, and nanostructures have made a profound impact and have endowed modern sensory systems with superior performance. Electronic polymers have emerged as one of the most important classes of transduction materials; they readily transform a chemical signal into an easily measured electrical or optical event. Although our group reviewed this field in 2000,1 the high levels of activity and the impact of these methods now justify a subsequent review as part of this special issue. In this review we restrict our discussions to purely fluorescence-based methods using conjugated polymers (CPs). We further confine our detailed coverage to articles published since our previous review and will only detail earlier research in this Introduction to illustrate fundamental concepts and terminology that underpin the recent literature.

Chemical sensors based on amplifying fluorescent conjugated polymers.

/pdf/aryl-aryl-bond-formation-one-century-after-the-discovery-of-1jdyxlkwix.pdf

Aryl-aryl bond formation one century after the discovery of the Ullmann reaction.

Lanthanide-based luminescent hybrid materials.

A review was presented to demonstrate a historical description of the synthesis of light-emitting conjugated polymers for applications in electroluminescent devices. Electroluminescence (EL) was first reported in poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) in 1990 and researchers continued to make significant efforts to develop conjugated materials as the active units in light-emitting devices (LED) to be used in display applications. Conjugated oligomers were used as luminescent materials and as models for conjugated polymers in the review. Oligomers were used to demonstrate a structure and property relationship to determine a key polymer property or to demonstrate a technique that was to be applied to polymers. The review focused on demonstrating the way polymer structures were made and the way their properties were controlled by intelligent and rational and synthetic design.

Synthesis of Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices

Spiro-Functionalized Polyfluorene Derivatives as Blue Light-Emitting Materials

We have studied the spectral (UV−vis absorption and fluorescence) and thermally spectral stability of seven fluorene-based blue-light-emitting polymers in film states. These polymers have different side chain and backbone structure. Spiro-functionalization at the C-9 bridge position of fluorene unit could significantly improve the emission spectral quality (narrower spectrum and shorter tail extended to longer wavelength direction) and thermally spectral stability of 9,9-disubstituted polyfluorene derivatives. A glass transition temperature dependence for excimer emission in the polymers was demonstrated, and the improvement of thermally spectral stability by the spiro-functionalization is attributed to the increase of glass transition temperature. The backbone structural modification for 9,9-disubstituted polyfluorenes by alternatively inserting substituted phenylene units could provide blue emission with the spectral quality and thermally spectral stability even better than spiro-functionalized polyfluo...

Spectral and Thermal Spectral Stability Study for Fluorene-Based Conjugated Polymers

Three conjugated polymers comprised of 9,9-dioctylfluorene and 2,2‘-bipyridine, which are alternatively linked by the C−C single bond (P1), vinylene bond (P2), or ethynylene bond (P3), have been synthesized via the Suzuki reaction, the Wittig−Horner reaction, and the Heck reaction, respectively The optical, electrochemical, and other physical properties of the polymers are dependent on the linkers The polymer linked by the C−C single bond exhibits a much larger Stokes shift compared with the other two polymers, indicative of higher extended and rigid backbone conformations in the polymers linked by the vinylene and ethynylene bonds All the three polymers are sensitive to the existence of a variety of transition metal ions due to the chelation between the 2,2‘-bipyridyl moieties and the metal ions For the metal ions which have moderate and weak coordination ability with the 2,2‘-bipyridyl moieties, an obvious difference in response sensitivity is observed among the three polymers:  P1 has the highest s

Design and Synthesis of Bipyridyl-Containing Conjugated Polymers: Effects of Polymer Rigidity on Metal Ion Sensing

A novel series of soluble alternating conjugated copolymers comprised of 9,9-dihexylfluorene and substituted bithiophene or thiophene moieties were synthesized by palladium-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. In the backbone structure of the polymers, the thiophene rings in the bithiophene moieties are β-substituted with decyl chains, and the bithiophene moieties are in two different coupling configurations of head-to-head and tail-to-tail regioregularities. For the thiophene moieties, they are either mono- or disubstituted with decyl chains. By means of the controllable structure modifications, the electronic properties of the polymers were tuned. In addition, the structure−property relationship of the backbone structure was studied. All of the polymers demonstrate efficient blue-to-green light emission, good thermal stability, and relatively high glass transition temperatures (Tg ∼ 78 °C). For the green-light-emitting polymers comprised of bithiophene moieties, their optical and electrochemical properti...

Synthesis, Characterization, and Structure−Property Relationship of Novel Fluorene−Thiophene-Based Conjugated Copolymers

New efficient blue light emitting polymer for light emitting diodes

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