Slickwater Fracturing: Food for Thought

The current work illustrates how single-well production-data-analysis (PDA) techniques, such as type curve, flowing material balance (FMB), and pressure-transient (PT) analysis, may be altered to analyze single-phase CBM wells Examples of how reservoir inputs to the PDA techniques and subsequent calculations are modified to account for CBM-reservoir behavior are given This paper demonstrates, by simulated and field examples, that reasonable reservoir and stimulation estimates can be obtained from PDA of CBM reservoirs only if appropriate reservoir inputs (ie, desorption compressibility, fracture porosity) are used in the analysis As the field examples demonstrate, type-curve, FMB, and PT analysis methods for PDA are not used in isolation for reservoir-property estimation, but rather as a starting point for single-well and multiwell reservoir simulation, which is then used to history match and forecast CBM-well production (eg, for reserves assignment) To study the effects of permeability anisotropy upon production, a 2D, single-phase, numerical CBM-reservoir simulator was constructed to simulate single-well production assuming various permeability-anisotropy ratios Only large permeability ratios ({lt} 16:1) appear to have a significant effect upon single-well production characteristics Multilayer reservoir characteristics may also be observed with CBM reservoirs because of vertical heterogeneity, or in cases where the coals are commingled with conventionalmore » (sandstone) reservoirs In these cases, the type-curve, FMB, and PT analysis techniques are difficult to apply with confidence Methods and tools for analyzing multilayer CBM (plus sand) reservoirs are presented Using simulated and field examples, it is demonstrated that unique reservoir properties may be assigned to individual layers from commingled (multilayer) production in the simple two-layer case« less

Production-Data Analysis of Single-Phase (Gas) Coalbed-Methane Wells

Over the past decade, the exploration and development of deep coalbed methane (CBM) resources in China have attracted significant attention for their immense potential. Typically found in geological conditions marked by high formation temperature, reservoir pressure, and in-situ stress, exploring and developing these resources present a multitude of challenges. As the coal seams extend to greater depths, adsorption behavior, pore-fracture structure, and mechanical properties of deep coal seams become increasingly intricate, impacting properties such as gas content, permeability, and fracability. Despite the presence of significant free gas in deep CBM reservoirs, production remains challenging due to the extremely low permeability of coal seams. Additionally, high in-situ stress and complex mechanical parameters of deep coal seams can significantly reduce hydraulic fracturing performance, further complicating the development of deep CBM. This comprehensive review provides a detailed analysis of the geological conditions and formation property variations at different depths for CBM reservoirs, illuminating the distinctions between deep and shallow CBM reservoirs. Furthermore, this review summarizes the pilot tests and research perspectives in China to address the challenges associated with exploring and developing deep CBM resources. By raising awareness of the particularities of deep CBM and offering practical and accessible references, this review aims to contribute to the better exploration and development of these valuable resources. 

A comprehensive review of deep coalbed methane and recent developments in China

Coalbed Methane: Current Field-Based Evaluation Methods

Production Data Analysis of Fractured and Horizontal CBM Wells

Assessment and Development of the Dry Horseshoe Canyon CBM Play in Canada

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Assessment and Development of the Dry Horseshoe Canyon CBM Play in Canada