Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is the major air pollutant in Beijing, posing serious threats to human health. Land use regression (LUR) has been widely used in predicting spatiotemporal variation of ambient air-pollutant concentrations, though restricted to the European and North American context. We aimed to estimate spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5 by building separate LUR models in Beijing. Hourly routine PM2.5 measurements were collected at 35 sites from 4th March 2013 to 5th March 2014. Seventy-seven predictor variables were generated in GIS, including street network, land cover, population density, catering services distribution, bus stop density, intersection density, and others. Eight LUR models were developed on annual, seasonal, peak/non-peak, and incremental concentration subsets. The annual mean concentration across all sites is 90.7 mu g/m(3) (SD = 13.7). PM2.5 shows more temporal variation than spatial variation, indicating the necessity of building different models to capture spatiotemporal trends. The adjusted R (2) of these models range between 0.43 and 0.65. Most LUR models are driven by significant predictors including major road length, vegetation, and water land use. Annual outdoor exposure in Beijing is as high as 96.5 mu g/m(3). This is among the first LUR studies implemented in a seriously air-polluted Chinese context, which generally produce acceptable results and reliable spatial air-pollution maps. Apart from the models for winter and incremental concentration, LUR models are driven by similar variables, suggesting that the spatial variations of PM2.5 remain steady for most of the time. Temporal variations are explained by the intercepts, and spatial variations in the measurements determine the strength of variable coefficients in our models.

Applying land use regression model to estimate spatial variation of PM2.5 in Beijing, China

http://ir.ioz.ac.cn/bitstream/000000/13744/1/The%20Value%20of%20Ecosystem%20Services%20from%20Giant%20Panda%20Reserves.pdf

The Value of Ecosystem Services from Giant Panda Reserves

Land use and cover change is an important factor reflecting the resource footprints of the human race. Studies related to land use and cover change with ecosystem services value can provide a good reference for research on human resource footprints. In this study, through the interpretation of remote sensing images of Chengdu from 2000 to 2015, we obtained data on land use and cover change. Based on the analysis of the equivalent factor table for land use and cover change and ecosystem services value, we used the CPI accumulation coefficient and marginal value coefficient to modify the evaluation model of ecosystem services value, thus calculating the value of ecosystem services for Chengdu. The results show that the area under farmland and grassland continued to decrease, while the area covered by forest land, water area, construction land and unused land continued to increase in general. The ecosystem services value of Chengdu increased from 2.86 × 1010 RMB yuan in 2000 to 5.02 × 1010 RMB yuan in 2015, indicating a 75.46% increase. From this study, we determined that the development of Chengdu during 2000–2015 is sustainable, with reasonable land use, and will provide an important reference for economic development and land use policy in Chengdu in the future.

Response of ecosystem services to land use and cover change: A case study in Chengdu City

Ecosystem services (ESs) underpin human livelihoods around the world. Understanding how socio-environmental aspects influence stakeholders’ perceptions and use of ESs, is important for decision-making processes that target the social expectations. In this study, face-to-face interviews were conducted with eighty-six householders in four villages of Limpopo province (South Africa), to assess the importance and use of ESs. Descriptive rank analysis, ordered logistic regression and Poisson generalised linear mixed-effects models were used. Supporting and provisioning ESs were rated the most important, followed by regulating and cultural ESs. Among the provisioning ESs, timber, firewood and edible plants were the most important, the most cited and used. Age, gender, income and prior recreational experiences played important roles in householders’ perceptions. The frequency of collection of provisioning ESs declined with increasing distance to the forest and presence of foothills in landscape, which formed natural barriers. The results further revealed that employed householders benefited more from these services than unemployed householders. However, there was no significant effect of income variable on the use of the provisioning ESs, suggesting that the collection is more likely oriented towards a domestic usage. The implications of the results were discussed in a context of local development planning.

Ecosystem service importance and use vary with socio-environmental factors: A study from household-surveys in local communities of South Africa

Ecological forests play a key role in the maintenance of urban ecological security in Beijing, and 91% of these ecosystems are located in mountain areas To better address the issues that are related to ecological conservation and the environmental, eco-compensation programs that target mountain ecological forests have been implemented by the local government since 2004 However, these eco-compensation programs that are currently conducted in Beijing now are still confronted with issues regarding payment standards In this study, three eco-compensation standards for the mountain ecological forests in Beijing are presented based on the ecosystem services value and location diversity indicators that include major function oriented zoning, population density, and ecological importance and ecological fragility The average payment in Beijing varies from 1607 RMB/ha/a to 2051 RMB/ha/a and is approximately from 07 to 12 times higher than the current standard The increase from the current payment standard to the recommended ones is consistent with recent social and economic development in Beijing The recommended eco-compensation standards also reflect the relative importance of forest ecosystem services that consider geographical location These recommended standards also have the potential for use in the establishment of differentiated compensation standards based on the different protection results of mountain ecological forests This study will help policy and decision makers to design eco-compensation initiatives with a high success rate and contribute to the conservation and sustainability of the forest resources in Beijing

Determining eco-compensation standards based on the ecosystem services value of the mountain ecological forests in Beijing, China

As the most important ecosystem in Beijing, the forest supports a lot of ecosystem services to local and around communities, which plays a key role in the maintenance of urban ecological security. However, the valuation on the forest ecosystem services based on regional scale could not provide precise and reasonable values for forestry sector management. In this study, we estimated the magnitudes and economic values of the forest ecosystem services in Beijing at sublot level. The economic value of forest ecosystem services in Beijing was estimated to be 19 339.71×106 yuan (RMB) in 2004. Among all the ecosystem services indicators we estimated in this study, only fruit, timber and part of the recreation (which only include the tourism income from the forest parks and scenic areas, but not include that from other forest types) were measured in the social economic system. As estimated in this study, more than 82.19% of the economic value of forest ecosystem services could not be measured in the socio-economic statistical system. The importance of forest ecosystem services in Beijing to human welfare was underestimated by the socio-economic system. Therefore, the policies about the eco-compensation of forest ecosystem services should be established to maintain the sustainable supply of the forest ecosystem services in Beijing.

Forest Ecosystem Services and Their Values in Beijing

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Forest Ecosystem Services and Their Values in Beijing