Glomerulonephritis is traditionally considered to result from the invasion of the kidney by autoantibodies and immune complexes from the circulation or following their formation in situ, and by cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system. The inflammatory response leads to the proliferation and dysfunction of cells of the glomerulus, and invasion of the interstitial space with immune cells, resulting in tubular cell malfunction and fibrosis. T cells are critical drivers of autoimmunity and related organ damage, by supporting B-cell differentiation and antibody production or by directly promoting inflammation and cytotoxicity against kidney resident cells. T cells might become activated by autoantigens in the periphery and become polarized to secrete inflammatory cytokines before entering the kidney where they have the opportunity to expand owing to the presence of costimulatory molecules and activating cytokines. Alternatively, naive T cells could enter the kidney where they become activated after encountering autoantigen and expand locally. As not all individuals with a peripheral autoimmune response to kidney antigens develop glomerulonephritis, the contribution of local kidney factors expressed or produced by kidney cells is probably of crucial importance. Improved understanding of the biochemistry and molecular biology of T cells in patients with glomerulonephritis offers unique opportunities for the recognition of treatment targets for autoimmune kidney disease.

T cells and autoimmune kidney disease

Exploring the potential function of trace elements in human health: a therapeutic perspective

Plasticity in biological systems is attributed to the combination of multiple parameters which determine function. These include genotypic, phenotypic, and environmental factors. While biological processes can be viewed as ordered and sequential, biological randomness was suggested to underline part of them. The present review looks into the concept of randomness in biological systems by exploring the glycosphingolipids-NKT cells example. NKT cells are a unique subset of regulatory lymphocytes which play a role in both inflammation and tolerance. Glycosphingolipids promote an immune balance by changing different arms of the immune system in opposing environments. Traditional immunology looks at skewing the immune system into different directions by different types of activation of the same cell stimulation of different cells subsets, use of different ligands, or different the effect of different immune environments. While these may explain some of the effects, the lack of consistency and opposing results under similar settings may involve randomness which may also be part of real life effects of immunomodulatory agents. It means that several of the biological processes, cannot be explained by simple linear models, and may involve more complex concepts. The application for these concepts for improving therapies to patients with Gaucher disease are discussed.

SUMMARY 

The use of different ligands that target a variety of cell subsets in different immune environments may underlie differences in the functionality of NKT cells and their variability in response to NKT-based therapies. The novel concept of randomness in biology means that several biological processes cannot be solely explained by simple linear models and may instead involve much more complicated schemes of random disorder. These may have implications on future design of therapeutic regimens for improving the response to current treatments.

/pdf/b-glycosphingolipids-as-mediators-of-both-inflammation-and-1yd9djjvnr.pdf

β-Glycosphingolipids as Mediators of Both Inflammation and Immune Tolerance: A Manifestation of Randomness in Biological Systems.

The incidence of hyperuricemia (HUA) and gout continuously increases and has become a major public health problem. The gut microbiota, which colonizes the human intestine, has a mutually beneficial and symbiotic relationship with the host and plays a vital role in the host’s metabolism and immune regulation. Structural changes or imbalance in the gut microbiota could cause metabolic disorders and participate in the synthesis of purine-metabolizing enzymes and the release of inflammatory cytokines, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of the metabolic immune disease HUA and gout. The gut microbiota as an entry point to explore the pathogenesis of HUA and gout has become a new research hotspot. This review summarizes the characteristics of the gut microbiota in patients with HUA and gout. Meanwhile, the influence of different dietary structures on the gut microbiota, the effect of the gut microbiota on purine and uric acid metabolism, and the internal relationship between the gut microbiota and metabolic endotoxemia/inflammatory factors are explored. Moreover, the intervention effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation on HUA and gout are also systematically reviewed to provide a gut flora solution for the prevention and treatment of related diseases.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.935723/pdf

Gut microbiota remodeling: A promising therapeutic strategy to confront hyperuricemia and gout

Gout, a chronic inflammatory arthritis disease, is characterized by hyperuricemia and caused by interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic factors. Acute gout symptoms are triggered by the inflammatory response to monosodium urate crystals, which is mediated by the innate immune system and immune cells (e.g., macrophages and neutrophils), the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine (e.g., IL-1β) release. Recent studies have indicated that the multiple programmed cell death pathways involved in the inflammatory response include pyroptosis, NETosis, necroptosis, and apoptosis, which initiate inflammatory reactions. In this review, we explore the correlation and interactions among these factors and their roles in the pathogenesis of gout to provide future research directions and possibilities for identifying potential novel therapeutic targets and enhancing our understanding of gout pathogenesis.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.888306/pdf

Inflammatory Response to Regulated Cell Death in Gout and Its Functional Implications

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease with different variety of clinical manifestations. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that play a regulatory role during broad range of immune responses. A number of studies demonstrated that the quantity and quality of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells showed marked defects in SLE patients in comparison to healthy controls. This finding suggests that iNKT cells may play a regulatory role in the occurrence and development of this disease. In this review, we mainly summarized the most recent findings about the behavior of NKT cells in SLE patients and mouse models, as well as how NKT cells affect the proportion of T helper cells and the production of autoreactive antibodies in the progress of SLE. This will help people better understand the role of NKT cells in the development of SLE and improve the therapy strategy.

/pdf/immunoregulation-of-nkt-cells-in-systemic-lupus-rpr9dpunhr.pdf

Immunoregulation of NKT Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

The utility model belongs to the technical field of medical treatment operation aids appliances, concretely relates to marrow puncture needle. The utility model discloses mainly solve the problem that there is big, the consuming time bad news of human error power in traditional pjncture needle. The utility model relates to a marrow puncture needle, including outer tube and nook closing member, the outer tube is constituteed with an outer bushing portion that is located puncture section of thick bamboo top for the body and by a puncture section of thick bamboo, and the bottom of puncture tin is oblique needle point, the nook closing member is including loosing core and the nook closing member connecting portion, and use with the cooperation of the top of outer bushing portion the bottom of nook closing member connecting portion, wherein: still include knob and sealing plug, threaded connection is passed through at the top of knob and nook closing member connecting portion, and the sealing plug setting is in loosing core, and the top of sealing plug is connected with the knob through the connecting rod and drives the sealing plug through rotatory knob in the interior removal of loosing core, goes up at a puncture section of thick bamboo and locate to be equipped with the screw thread for 0.5 centimetre apart from oblique needle point.

Marrow puncture needle

Gout is an inflammatory arthritis characterized by red, tender, hot and tumid joints. The development cause and process of gout is very sophisticated; recent studies, notwithstanding, have offered novel perspectives on the mechanism from an immunological viewpoint. The pathological process of gout involves both innate and adaptive immune responses. Other studies have demonstrated that gout development is associated with the presence of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals which serve as a "danger signal" affecting certain immune cells, cytokine production, and effector molecule expression, triggering both types of immune responses. Different cell subsets, cytokines, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and the inflammasome have had noticeable effects on the pathogenesis of gout. In the present review, we discuss the contributions of MSU-mediated immune responses in gout, which helps to better understand the mechanism of gout development.

https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_39300_ebae591d4e58031f4f9eccf07253d5d8.pdf

The Immunological Basis in the Pathogenesis of Gout.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Wang Jing

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Immunoregulation of NKT Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Marrow puncture needle

The Immunological Basis in the Pathogenesis of Gout.