Rail transit (RT) has been favored by passengers because it effectively alleviates the problems of dense population, housing shortages, small natural areas, and serious air pollution in urban centers. In this paper, we propose a framework that combines statistical analysis, fuzzy theory, and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) to evaluate the service quality of RT. First, the passenger perception of service quality is modeled as trapezoidal fuzzy numbers from the fuzzy theory, which solves the uncertainty problem of passenger perception that how factors affect service quality. Next, a case study that evaluates the service quality of the Beijing metro system is proposed using the fuzzy TOPSIS method. During the evaluation process, 8011 surveys are collected from 16 metro lines operated by Beijing Metro Operating Company Ltd. The evaluation results show that transfers, in-vehicle experience, and ticket purchases or recharges are the three factors that passengers find most unsatisfactory about metro travel and that need to be greatly improved in the future construction and management of metros. Furthermore, we analyze the stableness of the fuzzy TOPSIS method by the ranking change of service quality for a line from different comparison sets of metro lines. Finally, we provide suggestions and guidance for the optimization of RT infrastructure and investment.

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Improving Service Quality With the Fuzzy TOPSIS Method: A Case Study of the Beijing Rail Transit System


Purpose
This study aims to examine the direct influence of workplace bullying (WB) on internal auditors’ independence using the nexus between the agency theory and social exchange theory. From the internal auditors’ perspective, the investigation covered both government and private colleges and universities in one of the Middle East countries.


Design/methodology/approach
A survey was administered and delivered to internal auditors at each of the 85 educational institutions. A total of 267 valid questionnaires were analysed. The study’s measurement and structural models were tested and evaluated by using SmartPLS v.4 and partial least squares-structural equation modelling.


Findings
The study results indicated that bullying is common among senior managers, and that it has a significant, negative, high-level and direct effect on the independence of internal auditors in the higher education sector.


Practical implications
Regulators and other stakeholders should make a deliberate effort to promote positive behaviours and abandon negative ones regarding the independence of internal auditors and the performance of audit teams, which play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency of audit units. For example, enhancing coordination and communication internally and externally. In addition to providing the internal auditors with equitable advancement and learning opportunities, senior management should also support their professional development.


Originality/value
To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first to examine the relationship between WB and the internal auditor’s independence in the context of government and private organisations in Southwest Asian countries.


Internal auditors’ independence under workplace bullying stress: an investigative study

In this study, a structural equation modelling (SEM) is used to evaluate the service quality of crowded urban railway. 8,011 sample questioners were collected using both online and face-to- face survey methods. First, service components that influence the service quality of crowded metros are investigated, and 7 service components and 27 factors are collected from the perspective of metro daily operation. Second, a SEM is proposed to establish the relationship between service quality and these service components and factors. We found that security check and transfer have the greatest effect on the overall satisfaction. And some practical suggestions (e.g., reducing the height of security check equipment, and theme station) are proposed to improve the service quality of daily metro operation.

Evaluation service quality of crowding metros using structural equation modelling - A case study in Beijing*

This study aims at exploring the relations between the knowledge leadership, overcoming virtual teams (VTs) challenges and VTs' innovative performance in organisations involved in the Iraqi northern oil sector. For this purpose, the descriptive analytical approach was used, where an online survey (including 34 items in the context of the three main variables) was designed to collect data and information from more than 10 oil companies. Using the structural equation modelling on SPSS v.23 and AMOS v.24, the study data has been analysed. The study found that there is a direct, indirect, positive and significant relationship between the main variables. The study suggests that all skills and behaviours of knowledge leadership must be adopted to overcome the challenges faced by VTs. Additionally, these skills and behaviours help leaders to invest all subordinates' efforts for improving the VTs' innovative performance.

Impact of Knowledge Leadership on the Challenges and Innovative Performance of Virtual Teams: an Empirical Examination in Oil Sector Companies

Drawing on knowledge-based view, social exchange theory and leader-member exchange, this study examines how exploitative leadership (EL) influences knowledge management (KM), its processes, and further investigates the moderating role of organisational citizenship behaviours (OCB) on the relationship between EL and KM.,Using a quantitative approach, survey data were collected from 356 faculty members in Iraqi public universities, and the direct and moderating relationships were assessed through Hierarchical regression by PROCESS v.3.3 macros in SPSS.,The study found a significant negative impact of EL on KM, including its processes, especially on knowledge utilisation. The assessment also revealed that OCB has a significant moderating impact on EL, particularly its effect on knowledge creation.,The empirical insights of the study are valuable and precious for policymakers, managers and academics in education sectors of developing countries, to enrich their managerial and scientific performance through addressing EL behaviours while considering the moderating effect of OCB.,The relevance of the study stems from the scarcity of research on EL, while studies on the negative behaviours of leaders as a predictor of KM process failures are significantly limited. Additionally, studies on the moderating impact of OCB on the linkage between EL and KM processes remain limited. This study is one of the earliest studies that investigate these inter-relationships amongst EL, OCB and KM processes.

How exploitative leadership influences on knowledge management processes: the moderating role of organisational citizenship behaviour

Factor analysis on validity of perceived control in internet of health care with Cronbach’s reliability test

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Factor analysis on validity of perceived control in internet of health care with Cronbach’s reliability test