In this review, we systematically summarized the origins, development, basic mechanism and limits of reductant-enhanced iron-based peroxide activation processes (including H2O2, peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate). Notably, the use of reductants would simultaneously accelerate the reduction of Fe3+ and quench the production of reactive species. This trade-off between Fe3+ reduction and reactive species consumption is mainly determined by two aspects, i.e. (i) intrinsic chemical properties like electron transfer pathways and reaction rates with reactive species, and (ii) experimental conditions like reagent dosage ratio, dissolved O2 and pH. Therefore, we first reviewed the characteristics of different iron/peroxide/reductant systems in terms of the above two aspects. Then, we evaluated the practical application potential of different reductants based on their toxicity, costs and self-transformation products. Finally, newly-emerging enhancement strategies like multiple dosing and regulation of phase and crystalline degree were summarized, and future research needs were proposed.

Critical review of reductant-enhanced peroxide activation processes: Trade-off between accelerated Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle and quenching reactions

Iron-based persulfate activation process for environmental decontamination in water and soil

Strategies based on electron donors to accelerate Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle in Fenton or Fenton-like processes

L-cysteine boosted Fe(III)-activated peracetic acid system for sulfamethoxazole degradation: Role of L-cysteine and mechanism

Biochar (BC) is a low-cost material rich in carbon, which is being used increasingly as a catalyst in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) for the remediation of groundwater and soil contaminated with organic compounds. In this work, a general summary of preparation methods and applications of various BC (i.e., pristine BC, magnetic BC, and chemically modified BC) in PS-AOPs is presented. Different influence factors (e.g., pH, anions, natural organic matter) for the degradation of organic compounds are discussed. Meanwhile, the influence of external energy (e.g., UV-Vis irradiation, ultrasonic) is also mentioned. Furthermore, the advantage of different BC in PS-AOPs are compared. Finally, potential problems, challenges, and prospects in the application of biochar-persulfate based advanced oxidation processes (BCPS-AOPs) are discussed in the conclusion and perspective.

Applications and influencing factors of the biochar-persulfate based advanced oxidation processes for the remediation of groundwater and soil contaminated with organic compounds.

Enhanced degradation of monochlorobenzene in groundwater by ferrous iron/persulfate process with cysteine

The invention discloses a silt soft soil sampler. The sampler comprises a drill pipe, a rotating handle and a drill bit; a first winding coil and a second winding coil are fixed to the rotating handle, and a first rotating handle and a second rotating handle are arranged on the first winding coil and the second winding coil respectively; plug holes are formed in the first winding coil and the second winding coil, and a first plug and a second plug are inserted into the plug holes of the first winding coil and the second winding coil so as to fix the positions of the first winding coil and thesecond winding coil; a first fixed pulley is fixed to the inner side wall of the drill bit, a second fixed pulley is fixed to the outer side wall of the drill bit, a drill bit baffle is connected to an opening formed in the bottom, a first thin rope connected with the inner side of the drill bit baffle is connected with the first winding disc through the first fixed pulley by penetrating through the drill bit, and a second thin rope connected with the outer side of the drill bit baffle is connected with the second winding coil through the second fixed pulley; the drill bit is internally provided with a scraper capable of sliding automatically. The sampler has the advantages of being high in sampling efficiency, high in sampling accuracy and convenient to use.

Silt soft soil sampler

The invention provides a method for removing organic pollutants based on cysteine reinforced iron/persulfate. The method comprises the following steps that a persulfate solution is added into a to-be-repaired system to be mixed evenly; and a mixed solution of iron ions and cysteine is added into the to-be-repaired system to be mixed evenly, and the persulfate conducts oxidative degradation on theorganic pollutants in the to-be-repaired system under the effects of an iron ion and cysteine system. The method provided by the invention is simple, easy to implement and low in cost, and has great application prospects to repairing of the organic pollutants in the ground surface, underground water and soil.

Method for removing organic pollutants based on cysteine reinforced iron/persulfate

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Enhanced degradation of monochlorobenzene in groundwater by ferrous iron/persulfate process with cysteine

Silt soft soil sampler

Method for removing organic pollutants based on cysteine reinforced iron/persulfate