Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide

Review on the improvement of the photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of ZnO

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO/CuO nanocomposite for the degradation of textile dye on visible light illumination.

This feature article summarizes recent research on and development of semiconductor-based photocatalyst materials that are applicable to environmental remediation and/or chemical synthesis purposes. A wide variety of TiO2 particles and/or films have been studied during the past 30 years because they are the most stable and powerful photocatalysts leading to the degradation of various organic pollutants. The photocatalytic performance of other semiconductor materials such as ZnO, SnO2, WO3, Fe2O3 and CdS has also been intensively investigated. A general limitation in the efficiency of any photocatalytic process is the recombination of the photogenerated charge carriers, i.e., of electrons and holes, following bandgap illumination. Considerable efforts have been made to suppress this recombination and hence to enhance the charge carrier separation and the overall efficiency by means of coupling of different semiconductors with desirable matching of their electronic band structures, or incorporation of noble metal nanoclusters onto the surface of semiconductor photocatalyst particles. Modification of the physicochemical properties, such as particle size, surface area, porosity and/or crystallinity of the semiconductor materials, and optimization of the experimental conditions, such as pH, illumination conditions and/or catalyst loading, during photocatalytic reactions have also been carefully addressed to achieve high reaction rates or yields. To utilize solar energy more efficiently, i.e., to extend the optical absorption of the mostly UV-sensitive photocatalysts into the visible light range, numerous research groups have contributed to the development of novel visible light active photocatalysts. With the application of semiconductors with narrower bandgaps such as CdS, Fe2O3 and WO3 being straightforward choices, doping of wide bandgap semiconductors like TiO2 has been the most popular technique to enhance the catalysts' optical absorption abilities. Research on mixed-oxide-based semiconductor photocatalysts with deliberately modulated band structures has also attracted tremendous attention in the past decade, concentrating on, for example, the generation of H2 and/or O2 from H2O splitting, and the degradation of organic pollutants under visible light irradiation. Both theoretical calculations and experimental results have convincingly shown that the developed materials can serve as highly efficient photocatalysts that are both environmentally and economically significant.

/pdf/photoelectrocatalytic-materials-for-environmental-5a6vgzcsl4.pdf

Photoelectrocatalytic materials for environmental applications

https://iris.unipa.it/bitstream/10447/74239/1/Di%20Paola-J%20hzardous%20mater%202012-survey.pdf

A survey of photocatalytic materials for environmental remediation.

The nano-sized coupled oxides ZnO/SnO 2 in a molar ratio of 2:1 (Z 2 S) and 1:1 (ZS) were prepared using the co-precipitation method and characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and specific surface area (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)). Their photocatalytic activities were also evaluated using methyl orange (MO) as a model organic compound. The isothermal adsorption behavior of MO on Z 2 S and the factors affecting the photocatalytic activity, such as the heat-treating temperature for the photocatalyst, the pH value of the reaction suspension and the addition of NaCl, KNO 3 and K 2 SO 4 into the suspension, have been studied. It is found that the change in phase of Z 2 S occurs with the calcination temperature. The band gap energy value observed by UV–VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is 3.15 eV for Z 2 S compared with those of 3.12 eV for ZS, 3.17 eV for ZnO and 2.53 eV for SnO 2 . The isothermal adsorption behavior is a two-stage process. The photocatalytic degradation rate of MO on Z 2 S is faster than that on ZS and ZnO by 40.2 and 66.1%, respectively. A schematic diagram of photocatalytic activity is also presented to explain the results.

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of nano-sized ZnO/SnO2 coupled photocatalysts

Nano-sized Zn2SnO4 materials have been synthesized using the coprecipitation method. The synthetic conditions and the calcination behaviors of nano-sized Zn2SnO4 materials have been studied. The nano-sized Zn2SnO4 materials have been characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and specific surface area. As a result, the kinetic grain growth equation for nano-sized Zn2SnO4 can be expressed as D4.78 = 9.12 × 1023t exp(−40.6 × 103/T), with an activation energy for grain growth of Q = 337.9 KJ/mol. The nano-sized Zn2SnO4 materials have been used as photocatalysts to decompose benzene in water solution. The results show that Zn2SnO4 can photocatalytically decompose benzene, and the photocatalytic capacity for Zn2SnO4 relates to the grain size, which is discussed in terms of the surface effect and the quantum size effect.

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic property of nano-sized Zn2SnO4

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Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of nano-sized ZnO/SnO2 coupled photocatalysts

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic property of nano-sized Zn2SnO4