Photo-induced conductivity modulation of stimuli-responsive materials is of great importance from the viewpoint of fundamental research and technology. In this work, 5 new kinds of azobenzene-based photo-responsive ionic liquids were synthesized and characterized, and UV/vis light modulation of their conductivity was investigated in an aqueous solution. The factors affecting the conductivity modulation of the photo-responsive fluids, such as photo-isomerization efficiency, photo-regulation aggregation, concentration and chemical structure of the ionic liquids, were examined systematically. It was found that the conductivity of the ionic liquids in water exhibited a significant increase upon UV light irradiation and the ionic liquids with a shorter alkyl spacer in the cation showed a more remarkable photo-induced conductivity enhancement with a maximum increase of 150%. In addition, the solution conductivity was restored (or very close) to the initial value upon an alternative irradiation with visible light. Thus, the solution conductivity can be modulated using alternative irradiation with UV and visible light. Although the reversible photo-isomerization of the azobenzene group under UV/vis irradiation is the origin of the conductivity modulation, the photo-regulated aggregation of the ionic liquid in water is indispensable for the maximum degree of conductivity modulation because UV irradiation can weaken, even break the aggregated cis-isomers of the ionic liquids in an aqueous solution.

A reversible conductivity modulation of azobenzene-based ionic liquids in aqueous solutions using UV/vis light.

Glycolipids as constituents of cell membranes play an important role in cell membrane functioning. To enable the structural modification of membranes on demand, embedding of photosensitive glycolipid mimetics was envisioned and novel amphiphilic glycolipid mimetics comprising a photoswitchable azobenzene unit were synthesized. In this study, the photochromic properties of these glycolipid mimetics were analyzed by means of UV/Vis spectroscopy and reversible photoswitching. The glycolipids were based on a racemic glycerolipid derivative to be comparable in DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) phospholipid membrane monolayers. Carbohydrate head groups were altered between a β-glucoside and a β-lactosyl unit, as well as acyl chain lengths between C12 and C16, resulting in altered photoswitching. Langmuir isotherms showed that photoswitching of Langmuir films comprising the synthetic photosensitive glycoamphiphiles was successful.

Photoswitchable Glycolipid Mimetics: Synthesis and Photochromic Properties of Glycoazobenzene Amphiphiles

Photoinduced bidirectional switching in lipid membranes containing azobenzene glycolipids

The Qaidam Basin is a prominent oil and gas exploration and production base of NW China’s Jurassic coal-bearing strata. Coal-bearing mudstones are important source rocks for unconventional reservoirs and can record valuable paleoenvironment and paleoclimate information. Here, geochemical analysis including total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur, organic carbon isotopic composition, rock pyrolysis, X-ray diffraction, and major and trace elements were carried out on mudstone samples from the Middle Jurassic coal-bearing strata of the Dameigou section in the Qaidam Basin to reveal the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions during the deposition of the strata and their controls on organic matter accumulation. Results show that the Middle Jurassic Dameigou and Shimengou formations include three significant stages based on their average TOC values of (3.32%, Stage I; 0.87%, Stage II; and 4.42%, Stage III) from the bottom to the top. The organic matter in mudstones in Stages I and II are mainly derived from terrestrial higher plants, while the organic matter has mixed sources of higher plant debris and lower aquatic organisms in Stage III. Paleoclimate parameters indicate that the mudstones in Stage I were deposited under humid and warm conditions, while the climate in Stage II changed to semiarid and warm conditions before turning dry and hot in Stage III. The varying paleoenvironmental characteristics under different paleoclimatic conditions have also been reconstructed. Our results suggest that the accumulation of organic matter in Stages I and II was primarily controlled by redox conditions, while paleoproductivity is the major controlling factor for organic matter accumulation in Stage III.

Geochemical Characteristics of the Middle Jurassic Coal-Bearing Mudstones in the Dameigou Area (Qaidam Basin, NW China): Implications for Paleoclimate, Paleoenvironment, and Organic Matter Accumulation

Evolution of oxidized Ore-Forming fluids and uranium mineralization mechanisms in Sandstone-Type uranium Deposits: Insights from the Lenghu Area, Qaidam Basin

: Azobenzene-containing glycolipid, Gal-azo-Cn, was synthesized and its photoisomerization behavior within the liquid-gas interfaces was investigated by Langmuir Blodgett (LB) film measurements and atomic force microscopy. The results showed that Gal-azo-Cn could undergo trans-cis and cis-trans isomerization in both pure glycolipid and phospholipid-mixed films. UV-light induced isomerization increased the surface pressure. However, the membrane pressure within the liquid- gas interface could hinder the trans-cis isomerization. The high membrane pressure prevented the increase of surface pressure, weakening the trans-cis isomerization. In contrast, the cis-trans isomerization sped up in the dark. Compared with the isomerization behavior of pure glycolipid, the interaction between phospholipid and glycolipid could promote the trans-cis isomerization within the liquid-gas interface. In the mixed system, the increase in phospholipid containing unsaturated carbon chains increased the fluidity of the membrane but decreased its stability, which weaken the promotion effect of isomerization.

/pdf/photo-responsivity-of-azobenzene-containing-glycolipid-3b34n4sqov.pdf

Photo-Responsivity of Azobenzene-Containing Glycolipid within Liquid-Gas Interface

The Qaidam Basin is one of the major coal-bearing basins in northeastern China with the coal seams mainly preserved in the Lower–Middle Jurassic. The Middle Jurassic sedimentary environment, sequence stratigraphy, paleoclimate, and coal accumulation in the Qaidam Basin have been extensively studied, while the sedimentary characteristics and depositional evolution of the Lower Jurassic coal-bearing series are less well known. We systematically analysed the facies association, depositional system, basin evolution, and coal accumulation of the Early Jurassic Pliensbachian-aged coal-bearing series from the Dameigou section in the northern Qaidam Basin. Five lithological types have been identified, ranging from conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones to combustible organic rocks, which were further subdivided into 12 lithofacies. These lithofacies were grouped into four facies associations, representing the braided fluvial, meandering fluvial, lacustrine, and meandering fluvial-lacustrine transition deposits, respectively. The Pliensbachian Stage mainly developed as a fluvial-lacustrine depositional system and an evolution history from braided fluvial to meandering fluvial, then to lacustrine, and finally back to meandering fluvial was reconstructed. We suggest that climate change is the major controlling factor for depositional evolution during the Pliensbachian. The transition of the depositional environment from fluvial to lacustrine in the study area can be attributed to the rapid climatic change induced by volcanism at this interval. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/gj.4819

Evolution of depositional environment of the Pliensbachian Stage (Lower Jurassic) coal‐bearing series in the Qaidam Basin, NW China

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Photo-Responsivity of Azobenzene-Containing Glycolipid within Liquid-Gas Interface

Evolution of depositional environment of the Pliensbachian Stage (Lower Jurassic) coal‐bearing series in the Qaidam Basin, NW China