The influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals was investigated by analyzing animals grown in the laboratory on diets of constant nitrogen isotopic composition. 
The isotopic composition of the nitrogen in an animal reflects the nitrogen isotopic composition of its diet. The δ^(15)N values of the whole bodies of animals are usually more positive than those of their diets. Different individuals of a species raised on the same diet can have significantly different δ^(15)N values. The variability of the relationship between the δ^(15)N values of animals and their diets is greater for different species raised on the same diet than for the same species raised on different diets. Different tissues of mice are also enriched in ^(15)N relative to the diet, with the difference between the δ^(15)N values of a tissue and the diet depending on both the kind of tissue and the diet involved. The δ^(15)N values of collagen and chitin, biochemical components that are often preserved in fossil animal remains, are also related to the δ^(15)N value of the diet. 
The dependence of the δ^(15)N values of whole animals and their tissues and biochemical components on the δ^(15)N value of diet indicates that the isotopic composition of animal nitrogen can be used to obtain information about an animal's diet if its potential food sources had different δ^(15)N values. The nitrogen isotopic method of dietary analysis probably can be used to estimate the relative use of legumes vs non-legumes or of aquatic vs terrestrial organisms as food sources for extant and fossil animals. However, the method probably will not be applicable in those modern ecosystems in which the use of chemical fertilizers has influenced the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in food sources. 
The isotopic method of dietary analysis was used to reconstruct changes in the diet of the human population that occupied the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico over a 7000 yr span. Variations in the δ^(15)C and δ^(15)N values of bone collagen suggest that C_4 and/or CAM plants (presumably mostly corn) and legumes (presumably mostly beans) were introduced into the diet much earlier than suggested by conventional archaeological analysis.

Influence of Diet On the Distribtion of Nitrogen Isotopes in Animals

https://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/2005_WHO_TEFs_ToxSci_2006.pdf

The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.

/pdf/water-analysis-emerging-contaminants-and-current-issues-4iaf1qar5i.pdf

Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence

Review: a history of cyclodextrins.

Effect of two postharvest technologies on the micronutrient profile of cashew kernels from Mozambique

Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in fish from an anthropized south-western Atlantic estuary, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.

3Since conventional fats have a lower density than water, in which they are insoluble, they would separate from the aqueous phase. By the addition of bromine to unsaturated fatty acids, the gravity increases and can be adjusted by blends with etheric oils to the desired density of the drink. In the soft drinks, they form the required matrix to dissolve oils and food colors such as carotinoids. In this investigation we studied the structures of BVO and suggested a method which involved extraction of the soft drink samples, conversion of the fatty acids into fatty acid methyl esters which were analyzed by GC/MS. The use of this food additive is common in the USA since decades, while its use was recently discontinued in Japan. 4 In Germany, their use is prohibited, and the German versions of the soft drinks contain natural hydrocolloids as a BVO substitute. However, imported US products containing BVO have been repeatedly seen in special shops in Germany. The effects of BVO were also studied in the past. It was found that brominated fatty acids were stored in the lipids, but toxic effects could not be observed. 5 High

The polybrominated flame retardants used in our childrens´ soft drinks

Technical pentabromo diphenyl ether (DE-71) was anaerobically transformed using superreduced cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). The principal pathway was identified to be reductive debromination. As a consequence, the proportion of higher brominated homologues decreased in favor of the lower brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) while the molar amount of BDE congeners was virtually constant throughout the experiment. As an example, the ratios of BDE 99/BDE 47 was >1 at the start, ∼1 after 1 week, and <1 after 2 weeks. A further feature identified was the alternating removal of bromine atoms from the two rings when two or more Br were substituted by hydrogen. BDE 49 and BDE 66 proved to be good indicators for the reductive debromination of both DE-71 and DE-79. Hence, a thorough study of BDE 49 and BDE 66 might be helpful to solve the question whether high amounts of key-PBDEs in technical pentabromo diphenyl ether in the environment originate from such sources or are debromination products of higher BDEs.

Anaerobic transformation of a technical pentabromo diphenyl ether product using superreduced vitamin B12

Brominated chlorinated paraffins (Br-CPs) are a comparably new compound class that features both Cl and Br on one or several alkane backbones. Due to legal restrictions in the use of conventional chlorinated paraffins (CPs), Br-CPs have the potential to become emerging contaminants. Currently, their determination is hampered by the lack of suitable reference standards. Here, we present a simple synthesis procedure with single chain alkanes that leads to Br-CPs with ∼4–8 chlorine and >0 to 4 bromine substituents according to gas chromatography with electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). The single-chain Br-CP mixtures were obtained by the shared chlorination and bromination of eight single-chain alkanes (C10- to C17) at two reaction times, respectively. The carbon content of the 16 single-chain Br-CP products, determined by elemental analysis (EA), ranged from 30.8 to 43.8 %. The typical hump peak known from CPs was detected with GC with flame ionization detection (GC/FID), electron capture detection (GC/ECD) and GC/ECNI-MS. The complexity indicated that low-resolution mass spectrometry is not sufficient for an adequate analysis of Br-CPs. A mathematical formula was developed which allows to calculate all possible combinations of Br and Cl that are in line with the carbon content. The proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) spectra showed similarities to the ones of CPs with one chemical shift range for protons on nonhalogenated carbons and one for protons with one halogen on the same carbon. 

A simple laboratory method for the generation of mixed brominated-chlorinated paraffin single chain mixtures

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Walter Vetter

Author Tools

Chat about Author