https://courses.washington.edu/cfr523/documents/Alonso2010CatalyticConversion.pdf

Catalytic conversion of biomass to biofuels

Ammonia and related chemicals as potential indirect hydrogen storage materials

The general principles of green chemistry guide the design of environmentally benign products and processes. It is known that the efficient utilization of carbon resources and carbon recycling are of great importance for the sustainable development of our society, and there are many related challenging scientific issues to be solved. Herein we attempt a holistic view on carbon resource processing, utilization, and recycling, and we call this “green carbon science”. We will discuss the definition and the four key principles of green carbon science and highlight some related fields including petroleum refining, the production of liquid fuels and chemicals from coal and methane, and transformations of CO2 and biomass into fuels and chemicals.

Green Carbon Science: Scientific Basis for Integrating Carbon Resource Processing, Utilization, and Recycling

Biomass gasification presents highly interesting possibilities for expanding the utilization of biomass as power generation using internal combustion engines or turbines. However, the need to reduce the tar in the producer gas is very important. The successful application of producer gas depends not only on the quantity of tar, but also on its properties and compositions, which is associated with the dew-point of tar components. Class 5, 4, and 2 tar become a major cause of condensation which can foul the engines and turbines. Hence, the selectivity of tar treatment method to remove or convert class 5, 4, and 2 tar is a challenge in producer gas utilization. This review was conducted to present the recent studies in tar treatment from biomass gasification. The new technologies with their strengths and the weaknesses in term of tar reduction are discussed.

Tar reduction in biomass producer gas via mechanical, catalytic and thermal methods: A review

Hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose by solid acid catalysts

Gasification of biomass is a promising source of fuels and other chemical products. However, the removal of tars, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and other byproducts from the raw gas is required. The gas clean‐up technology that offers more advantages is hot catalytic gas conditioning downstream of the gasifier reactor. Here, we review the applications of basic, acidic, metallic, and redox catalysts for the removal of such by-products and research strategies to prevent coke accumulation on the catalytic surface, to increase the resistance to sulfur poisoning, and to bring the by‐product removal reactions to temperatures below 600°C.

Hot Gas Removal of Tars, Ammonia, and Hydrogen Sulfide from Biomass Gasification Gas

CO hydrogenation on lanthana and vanadia doubly promoted Rh/SiO2 catalysts

Ammonia decomposition on tungsten carbide

Role of Superoxide and Singlet Oxygen on the Oxygen Reduction Pathways in Li−O
 2
 Cathodes at Different Li
 +
 Ion Concentration**

To date, conjugated polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PAn), polythiophene (PTh), poly(phenylene) vinylene (PPv), and their derivatives, have been incorporated in biosensors for the detection of several tens of chemical species of biological or medical importance (enzyme substrates, antigens, ssDNA fragments, neurotransmitters, drug metabolites). Biosensors based on CEPs may operate as electrochemical, optical or gravimetric detectors for measurements in discrete, low-volume samples and continuous flow systems for which biosensors with fast response times, high sensitivities, and detection limits in the μM range (for detection of enzyme substrates) and even several orders of magnitude lower (for detection of DNA) are required. For in vivo applications, biosensors have to meet additional biocompatibility specifications. In this paper, we present an overview of the state of the art of the role played by CEPs in electrochemical and optical biosensors and discuss research and development opportunities.

Biotechnical aspects of conductive polymers: biosensors, biochips and biocompatibility

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Papers

Hot Gas Removal of Tars, Ammonia, and Hydrogen Sulfide from Biomass Gasification Gas

CO hydrogenation on lanthana and vanadia doubly promoted Rh/SiO2 catalysts

Ammonia decomposition on tungsten carbide

Role of Superoxide and Singlet Oxygen on the Oxygen Reduction Pathways in Li−O 2 Cathodes at Different Li + Ion Concentration**

Biotechnical aspects of conductive polymers: biosensors, biochips and biocompatibility