Stress stimulates several adaptive hormonal responses. Prominent among these responses are the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex, and adrenocorticotropin from the anterior pituitary. A number of complex interactions are involved in the regulation of these hormones. Glucocorticoids regulate catecholamine biosynthesis in the adrenal medulla and catecholamines stimulate adrenocorticotropin release from the anterior pituitary. In addition, other hormones, including corticotropin-releasing factor, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and arginine vasopressin stimulate while the corticosteroids and somatostatin inhibit adrenocorticotropin secretion. Together these agents appear to determine the complex physiologic responses to a variety of stressors.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/224/4648/452.full.pdf

Stress hormones: Their interaction and regulation.

THIS REVIEW will deal with the biosynthesis of many of the members of the ACTH/lipotropin (LPH) family of peptides (Fig. 1). Peptides in this family fall into two groups: peptides related to ACTH include α-melanotropin (αMSH) and corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP); peptides related to βLPH include γLPH, βMSH, and β-endorphin. In several species ACTH and βLPH each contain an identical heptapeptide segment located in the region of the molecule that is responsible for melanotropic bioactivity (1, 2). In this review we have taken a somewhat historical approach, and will therefore begin with a discussion of the biosynthesis of ACTH and the characterization of biosynthetic precursors to ACTH. When this work began, βLPH, γLPH, and βMSH were well-characterized pituitary peptides, but the opioid peptides (and β-endorphin in particular) had not yet been identified (3–5). Studies on the biosynthesis of ACTH were heavily influenced by prior work defining the biosynthetic pathways for insulin and para...

Structure and Biosynthesis of Pro-Adrenocorticotropin/Endorphin and Related Peptides*

I. Introduction THE STABILITY of the “milieu interieur” was first recognized by Claude Bernard (1), and this concept was extended by Walter Cannon (2), who coined the term homeostasis to denote the condition of relative constancy of the internal environment. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and the autonomic nervous system are recognized as primary effector systems which serve to minimize excursions from the homeostatic state and to restore a relative equilibrium in response to disturbances (3, 4). Many of the physiological adjustments accompanying sympathetic activation complement those brought about by glucocorticoid secretion. Indeed, the responsiveness and physiological consequences of activation of these two systems are so inter-twined as to have generated the hypothesis that activation of the HPA is evoked by sympathoadrenomedullary activation (5, 6). Thus an organism's response to an actual or perceived challenge (stressor) usually involves activation of both the HPA and the sympatheti...

Catecholaminergic Modulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Adrenocorticotropin Secretion

(1980). In vitro studies on the mode of action of the phorbol esters, potent tumor promoters: Part 1. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 153-197.

In vitro studies on the mode of action of the phorbol esters, potent tumor promoters: part 1.

The purpose of the study was to examine the usage of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in the brain when exercising while simultaneously undertaking cognitive tests. Plasma concentrations of the NE metabolite 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and the DA metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) showed a linear increase from rest to exercising at 40% and 80% maximum power output (W.max) while simultaneously undertaking cognitive tasks (random number generation (RNG) and response time). Delta plasma concentrations of MHPG and HVA at each exercise intensity while undertaking cognitive tasks and while exercising without cognitive tasks did not differ. Taking blood samples at 0, 1, 3, and 5 min following cessation of exercise did not affect results. Regression correlations showed that delta MHPG and HVA plasma concentrations at the 1 and 3 min sampling times were strong predictors of delta RNG, response time and movement time. Reaction time at 80% W.max significantly increased, while movement time at 80% W.max significantly decreased. It was concluded that these results provide no support for a direct effect of increased catecholamines concentrations on cognitive performance during exercise. The regression data suggest that there is some relationship between exercise, catecholamines concentrations and cognition.

A test of the catecholamines hypothesis for an acute exercise-cognition interaction.

Substances modulating the secretion of ACTH by cultured anterior pituitary cells.

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Substances modulating the secretion of ACTH by cultured anterior pituitary cells.